HomesteadSchools.com - AIDS Update


1	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		HIV and Its Transmission
			How HIV Is Transmitted
			HIV in the Environment
				Households
				Businesses and Other Settings
				Kissing
				Biting
				Saliva, Tears, and Sweat
				Insects
2	Epidemiology and Natural History of HIV Infection
		Introduction
		HIV Transmission
			Modes of Transmission
			Factors Facilitating Transmission
				Infectiousness of the Host
				Susceptibility of the Recipient
				Viral Properties
		Natural History and HIV Disease Progression
			Staging
			Untreated Natural History
				Primary or Acute Infection
				Established Infection
				Time Course
				Laboratory Indicators and Predictors
				Long-Term Non-Progressors
				Gender Effects
			Natural History in HAART Era
				Industrialized Countries
			References
		HIV/AIDS Among U.S. Women
			Heterosexual Contact Now Is Greatest Risk for Women
			Prevention Needs of Women
		HIV/AIDS Among African Americans
			Prevention Efforts Must Focus on High-Risk Behaviors
			Interrelated Prevention Challenges in African American Communities
		HIV/AIDS Among Hispanics in the United States
			Historical Trends in AIDS Cases Among U.S. Hispanics
			Building Better Prevention Programs for Hispanics
		HIV/AIDS Among America's Youth
			Improving HIV Prevention for Young People
		Healthcare Workers with HIV/AIDS
3	HIV Testing
		Overview for HIV Antibody Testing
		Rapid HIV Test: Questions/Answers
			General Questions
				What has been the routine test for HIV antibody testing?
				What is rapid HIV testing?
				What is the difference between a rapid HIV test and an EIA?
				What rapid HIV tests be available in the future?
				Will other rapid HIV tests be available in the future?
				Who can be tested with a rapid HIV test?
				Does the rapid HIV test cost more than the EIA?
				Can I expect to see rapid HIV testing in most clinics and doctors' offices soon?
				Are rapid HIV tests more accurate or less accurate than EIAs?
				What is predictive value?
				Does a negative rapid HIV test result mean that a person has nothing to worry about?
				What is "reactive" HIV test result?
				After a reactive rapid HIV test result, how long does a person have to wait for the confirmatory test result?
			Questions-Technical, Counseling, and Implementation
				What is the cost of rapid HIV test?
				If a confirmatory test is still needed, what is the advantage to sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics of using rapid HIV testing?
				What is the advantage to clients of using rapid HIV Testing?
				Will people who have progressed to the late stages of AID continue to test positive on the rapid HIV test?
				Can rapid HIV tests be performed on infants?
				Can clinic staff batch rapid HIV tests?
				How long does the rapid HIV test take after the lab receives the specimen?
				What type of training will be available for HIV counselors at sites that use rapid HIV tests?
				Are educational materials (e.g., handouts, videos) available for the clinics that want to use rapid HIV tests?
				Would telephoning clients to provide the results of a positive confirmatory HIV test be acceptable?
				What does the counselor tell a client who has a reactive rapid HIV test?
				Do you start partner notification and referral services immediately upon receiving a reactive rapid HIV test result, or do you wait for the confirmatory test result?
				Should a physician prescribe antiretroviral treatment for a pregnant woman on the basis of rapid HIV test results (per the PHS Guidelines)?
				Are confirmatory tests necessary for a rapid HIV test result to be considered a diagnosis of HIV infection?
			Resources
		Understanding Viral Load
				What is viral load and how is it measured?
				When should viral load be measured?
				What prompts changes in viral load?
				What does an "undetectable" level mean?
				Is there still a need to have CD4+ levels monitored?
4	Sex and HIV Prevention
		Prevention and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases as an HIV
			Prevention Strategy
			The Parallel Epidemics of HIV Infection and Other STDs
			Other STDs Facilitate HIV Transmission
			New Evidence of the Effectiveness of STD Treatment in HIV Prevention
		Condoms and Their Use in Preventing HIV Infection and Other STDs
			Condoms are effective in preventing HIV and other STDs
			Condoms must be used consistently and correctly to provide maximum protection
			Condoms users have product options
			Education about condom efficacy does not promote sexual activity
			Prevention is cost-effective
		Primary HIV Infection Associate with Oral Transmission
			What is the risk of HIV transmission from oral sex?
			What are the exact ways that HIV was transmitted in this study?
			How do you know if the study participants were telling the truth about their sexual history?
			Was this a surprise finding?
			What can be done to prevent HIV?
			Bibliography
		HIV Prevention Among Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM)
			Continuing Risk Among Young MSM
			Need to Combat Other STDs
			Prevention Services Must Reach Both Uninfected and Infected
		Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW)
			What do surveillance tools tell us about transmission between women?
				What do investigations of female-to-female transmission show?
				What are the behaviors that place WSW at risk of HIV infection?
				What can WSW do to reduce their risk of contracting HIV?
			References
5	IDUs and HIV
			Injection Drug Use and the Transmission of HIV and Other Blood-Borne Infections
			Critical Importance of Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence
			HIV Risks Associated With Drug Injection
			Recommendations to Drug Users Who Continue to Inject
			References
6	Universal Precautions
		Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of HIV, HBV, and Other
			Blood borne Pathogens in Healthcare Settings
			Introduction
			Body Fluids to Which Universal Precautions Apply
			Body Fluids to Which Universal Precautions Do Not Apply
			Precautions for Other Body Fluids in Special Settings
			Use of Protective Barriers
			Glove Use for Phlebotomy
			Selection of Gloves
			Waste Management
			References
7	Occupational Exposures to Blood
			Introduction
				Are healthcare workers at risk of getting HIV on the job?
				How can occupational exposures be prevented?
			If An Exposure Occurs
				What should I do if I am exposed to the blood of a patient?
			Risk of Infection After Exposure
				What is the risk of infection after an occupational exposure?
				How many healthcare workers have been infected with bloodborne pathogens?
			Treatment for the Exposure
				Is vaccine or treatment available to prevent infections with bloodborne pathogens?
				What about exposures to blood from an individual whose infection status is unknown?
				What specific drugs are recommended for post exposure treatment?
				How soon after exposure to a bloodborne pathogen should treatment start?
				Has the FDA approved these drugs to prevent bloodborne pathogen infection following an occupational exposure?
				What is known about the safety and side effects of these drugs?
				Can pregnant healthcare workers take the drugs recommended for post exposure treatment?
			Follow-Up After An Exposure
				What follow-up should be done after an exposure
				What precautions should be taken during the follow-up period?
				Are patients in a dentist's or doctor's office at risk of getting HIV?
8	Antiretroviral Therapy
		Attacking AIDS with a 'Cocktail' Therapy Drug Combo Sends Deaths Plummeting
				A "One-Two Punch"
				Regimen has drawbacks
				AIDS-related illnesses
				Pregnant women and children
				In the future
9	Living with HIV/AIDS
				What is HIV and haw did I get it?
				What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
				How can I stay healthy longer?
				What can I expect when I go to the doctor?
				What is the treatment for HIV or AIDS?
				What are some of the other diseases I could get?
				How do I protect other people from my HIV?
		Family Planning and Pregnancy
				Is there any special advice for women with HIV?
				What if I become pregnant?
				Where can I find help in fighting HIV?

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