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1 |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) |
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HIV and Its Transmission |
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How HIV Is Transmitted |
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HIV in the Environment |
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Households |
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Businesses and Other Settings |
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Kissing |
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Biting |
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Saliva, Tears, and Sweat |
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Insects |
2 |
Epidemiology and Natural History of HIV Infection |
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Introduction |
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HIV Transmission |
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Modes of Transmission |
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Factors Facilitating Transmission |
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Infectiousness of the Host |
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Susceptibility of the Recipient |
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Viral Properties |
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Natural History and HIV Disease Progression |
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Staging |
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Untreated Natural History |
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Primary or Acute Infection |
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Established Infection |
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Time Course |
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Laboratory Indicators and Predictors |
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Long-Term Non-Progressors |
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Gender Effects |
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Natural History in HAART Era |
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Industrialized Countries |
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References |
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HIV/AIDS Among U.S. Women |
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Heterosexual Contact Now Is Greatest Risk for Women |
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Prevention Needs of Women |
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HIV/AIDS Among African Americans |
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Prevention Efforts Must Focus on High-Risk Behaviors |
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Interrelated Prevention Challenges in African American
Communities |
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HIV/AIDS Among Hispanics in the United States |
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Historical Trends in AIDS Cases Among U.S. Hispanics |
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Building Better Prevention Programs for Hispanics |
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HIV/AIDS Among America's Youth |
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Improving HIV Prevention for Young People |
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Healthcare Workers with HIV/AIDS |
3 |
HIV Testing |
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Overview for HIV Antibody Testing |
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Rapid HIV Test: Questions/Answers |
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General Questions |
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What has been the routine test for HIV antibody testing? |
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What is rapid HIV testing? |
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What is the difference between a rapid HIV test and an EIA? |
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What rapid HIV tests be available in the future? |
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Will other rapid HIV tests be available in the future? |
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Who can be tested with a rapid HIV test? |
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Does the rapid HIV test cost more than the EIA? |
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Can I expect to see rapid HIV testing in most clinics and doctors'
offices soon? |
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Are rapid HIV tests more accurate or less accurate than EIAs? |
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What is predictive value? |
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Does a negative rapid HIV test result mean that a person has nothing to
worry about? |
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What is "reactive" HIV test result? |
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After a reactive rapid HIV test result, how long does a person have to
wait for the confirmatory test result? |
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Questions-Technical, Counseling, and Implementation |
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What is the cost of rapid HIV test? |
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If a confirmatory test is still needed, what is the advantage to
sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics of using rapid HIV testing? |
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What is the advantage to clients of using rapid HIV Testing? |
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Will people who have progressed to the late stages of AID continue to
test positive on the rapid HIV test? |
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Can rapid HIV tests be performed on infants? |
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Can clinic staff batch rapid HIV tests? |
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How long does the rapid HIV test take after the lab receives the
specimen? |
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What type of training will be available for HIV counselors at sites that
use rapid HIV tests? |
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Are educational materials (e.g., handouts, videos) available for the
clinics that want to use rapid HIV tests? |
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Would telephoning clients to provide the results of a positive
confirmatory HIV test be acceptable? |
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What does the counselor tell a client who has a reactive rapid HIV test? |
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Do you start partner notification and referral services immediately upon
receiving a reactive rapid HIV test result, or do you wait for the
confirmatory test result? |
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Should a physician prescribe antiretroviral treatment for a pregnant
woman on the basis of rapid HIV test results (per the PHS Guidelines)? |
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Are confirmatory tests necessary for a rapid HIV test result to be
considered a diagnosis of HIV infection? |
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Resources |
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Understanding Viral Load |
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What is viral load and how is it measured? |
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When should viral load be measured? |
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What prompts changes in viral load? |
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What does an "undetectable" level mean? |
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Is there still a need to have CD4+ levels monitored? |
4 |
Sex and HIV Prevention |
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Prevention and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases as
an HIV |
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Prevention Strategy |
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The Parallel Epidemics of HIV Infection and Other STDs |
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Other STDs Facilitate HIV Transmission |
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New Evidence of the Effectiveness of STD Treatment in HIV
Prevention |
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Condoms and Their Use in Preventing HIV Infection and Other
STDs |
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Condoms are effective in preventing HIV and other STDs |
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Condoms must be used consistently and correctly to provide
maximum protection |
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Condoms users have product options |
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Education about condom efficacy does not promote sexual
activity |
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Prevention is cost-effective |
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Primary HIV Infection Associate with Oral Transmission |
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What is the risk of HIV transmission from oral sex? |
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What are the exact ways that HIV was transmitted in this
study? |
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How do you know if the study participants were telling the
truth about their sexual history? |
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Was this a surprise finding? |
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What can be done to prevent HIV? |
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Bibliography |
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HIV Prevention Among Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) |
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Continuing Risk Among Young MSM |
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Need to Combat Other STDs |
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Prevention Services Must Reach Both Uninfected and Infected |
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Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW) |
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What do surveillance tools tell us about transmission
between women? |
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What do investigations of female-to-female transmission show? |
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What are the behaviors that place WSW at risk of HIV infection? |
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What can WSW do to reduce their risk of contracting HIV? |
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References |
5 |
IDUs and HIV |
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Injection Drug Use and the Transmission of HIV and Other
Blood-Borne Infections |
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Critical Importance of Prevention and Treatment of Drug
Dependence |
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HIV Risks Associated With Drug Injection |
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Recommendations to Drug Users Who Continue to Inject |
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References |
6 |
Universal Precautions |
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Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of HIV, HBV, and Other |
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Blood borne Pathogens in Healthcare Settings |
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Introduction |
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Body Fluids to Which Universal Precautions Apply |
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Body Fluids to Which Universal Precautions Do Not Apply |
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Precautions for Other Body Fluids in Special Settings |
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Use of Protective Barriers |
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Glove Use for Phlebotomy |
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Selection of Gloves |
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Waste Management |
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References |
7 |
Occupational Exposures to Blood |
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Introduction |
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Are healthcare workers at risk of getting HIV on the job? |
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How can occupational exposures be prevented? |
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If An Exposure Occurs |
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What should I do if I am exposed to the blood of a patient? |
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Risk of Infection After Exposure |
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What is the risk of infection after an occupational exposure? |
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How many healthcare workers have been infected with bloodborne
pathogens? |
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Treatment for the Exposure |
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Is vaccine or treatment available to prevent infections with
bloodborne pathogens? |
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What about exposures to blood from an individual whose infection status
is unknown? |
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What specific drugs are recommended for post exposure treatment? |
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How soon after exposure to a bloodborne pathogen should treatment start? |
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Has the FDA approved these drugs to prevent bloodborne pathogen
infection following an occupational exposure? |
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What is known about the safety and side effects of these drugs? |
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Can pregnant healthcare workers take the drugs recommended for post
exposure treatment? |
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Follow-Up After An Exposure |
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What follow-up should be done after an exposure |
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What precautions should be taken during the follow-up period? |
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Are patients in a dentist's or doctor's office at risk of getting HIV? |
8 |
Antiretroviral Therapy |
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Attacking AIDS with a 'Cocktail' Therapy Drug Combo Sends
Deaths Plummeting |
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A "One-Two Punch" |
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Regimen has drawbacks |
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AIDS-related illnesses |
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Pregnant women and children |
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In the future |
9 |
Living with HIV/AIDS |
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What is HIV and haw did I get it? |
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What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? |
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How can I stay healthy longer? |
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What can I expect when I go to the doctor? |
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What is the treatment for HIV or AIDS? |
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What are some of the other diseases I could get? |
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How do I protect other people from my HIV? |
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Family Planning and Pregnancy |
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Is there any special advice for women with HIV? |
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What if I become pregnant? |
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Where can I find help in fighting HIV? |