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Learning Objectives |
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Introduction and Course Focus |
| 1. |
The Immune System |
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The Immune System Overview |
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Brief History |
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Components of the Immune System |
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White Blood Cells |
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Two Basic Types of Leukocytes |
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Macrophages and Phagocytes |
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Lymphocytes and Lymph Organs |
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Lymph Nodes |
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Lymphocyte Sub-Types |
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The Two Major Types of T Cells |
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A Deeper Look at B Cells |
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Neutrophils/Granulocytes |
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Eosinophils and Basophils |
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The Spleen |
| 2. |
The Immune Response |
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Defense Against Antigens and Types of Immunity |
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What Is Immunity? |
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Autoimmune Disease |
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More on Allergies |
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Active Immunity |
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A Closer Look at Immune Responses |
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Humoral Response (Humoral Immunity) |
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Cell-mediated Immunity (CMI) |
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Passive Immunity |
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Nonspecific and Specific Immunity |
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Summary |
| 3. |
Factors That Impact the Immune System |
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Factors Affecting Immunity |
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Impact of Heavy Metals on the Immune System |
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Stress and the Immune System |
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Psychoneuroimmunology |
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Ten-Year Study |
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Mood and Immunity |
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Type A and Type B Personalities and Stress |
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Diseases Associated with Stress |
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Asthma |
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Post- traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Migraine Headaches |
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Alzheimer’s Disease |
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Diabetes |
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Psoriasis/Eczema |
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Gastrointestinal Diseases |
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Myocardial Infarction |
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Wound Healing |
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Psychological Stress and Viral Infection |
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Increasing Demands to Sustain a Life Style |
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Summary |
| 4. |
Boosting the Immune System |
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Supplements and Diet |
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Depleting the Immune System |
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Supplements that Enhance Immunity |
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Vitamins |
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Carotenoids (Beta-carotene) |
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Minerals |
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Foods that Strengthen the Immune System |
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Immune Enhancing Diet |
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Foods to Avoid |
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High Fat Foods |
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High Nutrient Diet |
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Herbs |
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Tonics, Specifics, Heroics, Protectors and Cleansers |
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Tonics |
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Specifics |
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Heroics (or “Forcing Herbs”) |
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Protectors and Cleansers |
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Immune Herbs: Surface and Deep-acting Herbs |
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Echinacea |
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Astragalus |
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Goldenseal |
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Ginkgo Biloba |
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Other Herbs of Interest |
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Gotu Kola |
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Rosemary |
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Green Tea Extract |
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Soybean |
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Pau d’arco (Tabebuia pentaphylla) |
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Ginger |
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Garlic |
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Cayenne |
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Seaweed |
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Herbal Teas |
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Live Cultured Foods |
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Live Cultured Food |
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Mushroom Family |
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Other Immune System Enhancers |
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Exercise |
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Yoga and Stretching |
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Hand Hygiene |
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Laughter and Humor |
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Music |
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Sleep |
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Positive Thinking |
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Tea |
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Hydrotherapy |
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Acupuncture |
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Summary |
| 5. |
Vaccines |
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Vaccine Types |
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Sub-unit vaccines |
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Inactivated Vaccines |
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Polysaccharide Vaccines (a subunit of inactivated vaccines) |
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Live Virus Vaccines |
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Recombinant Vaccines |
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Summary |
| 6. |
Infectious Diseases Today |
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Today’s Facts |
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Heart Disease |
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Infectious Diseases Are Number One Killers |
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Factors Contributing to Emergence or Re-Emergence of Diseases |
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Re-Emergence |
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Pathogenic Microbes |
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Zoonoses |
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Vectors |
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Biologic and Mechanical Vectors |
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Arthropod Vectors |
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Parasites, Fungi, Helminths, Protozoa |
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Parasites |
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Ectoparasite and Endoparasites |
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Fungi — Eukaryotic Microorganisms |
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Protozoa and Helminths |
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Protozoa |
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Helminths (Worms) |
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Some Diseases Caused by Worms |
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Schistosomiasis |
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Dracunculiasis, (Racunculiasis) or Guinea Worm (GWD) |
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Onchocerciasis |
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Summary |
| 7. |
Bacteria |
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Anatomy of a Bacteria Cell |
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Endotoxin and Exotoxins |
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Some Foodborne Infections Caused by Infectious Bacteria |
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Campylobacteriosis — Campylobacter Jejuni |
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E. Coli Infection |
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Salmonellosis |
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Botulism |
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Shigellosis |
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Cholera |
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Typhoid Fever (differs from Typhus) |
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Summary |
| 8. |
Other Infectious Diseases |
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Pertussis |
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Clostridium Difficile Infection |
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Bubonic Plague |
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Streptococcal A |
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Glanders |
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Leptospirosis |
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Lyme Disease |
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Summary |
| 9. |
Antibiotic Resistance MRSA/VRSA: The Superbug |
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MRSA |
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Factors that Increase Antibiotic Resistance |
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Control of MRSA Outbreaks |
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Prevention of MRSA Outbreaks |
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Infection Control Guidelines (CDC) |
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HIV and MRSA |
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VRE and VRSA |
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Vancomycin, Gentamycin Resistance: Antibiotic Exposure Co-morbid Factor |
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VRE and VRSA |
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Antibiotics Mismanagement |
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Risk Factors for VRE or VRSA Infections |
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Preventing Transmission of VRE and VRSA |
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Surveillance Programs for Detecting Outbreaks of Nosocomial Infections |
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Transmission |
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Precautions |
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Antibiotic Treatment of VRE |
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Treatment of VRSA |
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CDC Guidelines for the Proper Use of Vancomycin |
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Nursing Implications |
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Summary |
| 10. |
Virus Overview |
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Virus |
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What Is a Virus? |
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The Viral Envelope |
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A Brief History of Virus Discoveries |
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Viral Replication |
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Phases of Replication |
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Characteristics of Viruses Summarized |
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Viral Entry |
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Infection Can Occur Via |
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Main Mechanisms for Spread throughout the Host |
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A Deeper Look at Virology |
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What Is Virology? |
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Classification of DNA and RNA Viruses |
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Subviral Agents |
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Bacteriophage and the Lysogenic Effect and Phage Therapy |
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Structural Overview of Bacteriophage |
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The Lysogenic Life Cycle of Temperate Bacteriophages |
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Phage Therapy |
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Benefits of Phage Therapy |
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Summary |
| 11. |
DNA and RNA Viruses and the Diseases They Cause |
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General Virus Types: DNA and RNA |
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Adenovirus |
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Associated Diseases |
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Transmission |
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Clinical Course and Diagnosis |
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Treatment and Therapy |
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Prevention |
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Vaccination |
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RNA Viruses |
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Coronaviruses |
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SARS—Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
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Calicivirus |
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Norovirus Infection |
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Symptoms |
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Transmission |
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Orthomyxoviruses/Influenza Viruses |
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Transmission |
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Site of Infection |
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Picornaviruses |
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Picornavirus Diseases |
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Paramyxovirus |
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Transmission |
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Measles (Rubeola) |
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Symptoms |
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Complications of Measles |
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Nipah Virus/Paramyxoviridae |
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Symptoms |
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Retrovirus |
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Retrovirus — HIV/AIDS |
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AIDS |
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Definitions |
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Diagnosis |
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Four Retroviruses |
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Viral Load |
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Transmission |
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Treatment |
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Summary of the AIDS/HIV Facts and Cycle |
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Lentiviruses (subgroup of retroviruses) |
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Rotavirus |
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Summary |
| 12. |
Other Microbial Diseases of Concern Today |
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Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) |
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Clinical Symptoms |
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Cryptosporidiosis |
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Symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis |
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Risk for Cryptosporidiosis |
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Malaria |
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Typhus — Rickettsias |
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Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) |
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Clinical Manifestations |
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Differential Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Epidemiology of Disease Transmission |
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Prevention/Prophylaxis |
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Bunyavirus |
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Arenaviridae |
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Lassa Fever |
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Filovirus (Ebola) |
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Flavivirus |
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The 13-infectious Flavivirus |
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Therapy/Management |
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Prevention |
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Summary |
| 13. |
Endemics, Epidemics, Pandemics, & New Influenzas |
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Endemic |
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Epidemic |
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Pandemic: The Difference Between an Epidemic and a Pandemic |
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Pandemics – A Brief Historical Overview |
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Stages of a Pandemic |
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Interpandemic Period |
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Pandemic Alert Period |
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Pandemic Period |
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Pandemic Summary |
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Drift, Shift, Types, Subtypes, and Strains |
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Antigenic Drift |
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Antigenic Shift |
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Influenza Types and Strains |
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Types of Influenza |
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Strains of Influenza |
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Human Influenza Viruses Versus Avian Influenza Viruses |
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Low Pathogenic Versus Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses |
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Putting It Together: Types and Subtypes |
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Summary |
| 14. |
The Next Pandemic Threat |
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Swine Flu or Avian Influenza? |
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Influenza Pandemics Are Different |
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Serious Problems with Pandemics |
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Global Quick Spread |
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Economic and Social Costs of Pandemics |
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Potential Costs per Individual |
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Surge Capacity - Inadequate Medical Supplies |
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Dramatic Death Toll |
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Swine Flu |
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Transmission |
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Clinical Signs |
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Diagnosis |
| 15. |
The H5N1 Virus: Avian Flu or Bird Flu |
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Pandemic Concerns Today |
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Seasonal Flu Versus Pandemic Flu |
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Seasonal Flu |
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Pandemic Flu |
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Do Nurses Need to Worry About the Avian Flu: H5N1 Virus? |
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Brief History of H5N1 Virus |
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Avian Flu Expected Soon in the United States |
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Changing Statistics |
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Is H5N1 the Same Strain as Was Found in 1918 Spanish Flu? |
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Avian Flu Caused by H5N1 |
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Symptoms of Avian Flu |
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Pathophysiology |
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Incubation |
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Avian Influenza Transmission |
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Diagnostic Problems |
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Influenza Diagnosis Confirmation |
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New Testing For Influenza Strains |
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Gold Standard Testing |
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Prevention of Pandemic Influenza |
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Ban Importation of Chicken |
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Culling |
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Treatment |
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Vaccine Development |
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The Avian Flu Pandemic Influenza is Different from Avian Influenza |
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Influenza Compared to SARS |
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) |
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Ways to Prevent Spread of SARS or Infectious Influenza |
| 16. |
Bio War and Genetic Engineering |
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The New Biological Weapons |
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Delivery and Detection of Biological Warfare |
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Nursing Responsibility |
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Classification of Bioterrorism Agents or Disease |
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Genetic Alterations |
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Gene Sequences Available Online |
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West Nile Virus Released? |
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Replication of Norovirus |
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Storage of Infectious Agents |
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Biotech or Bioterror |
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Historical Overview: Use of Biological Agents |
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The History of Biological Warfare (BW) |
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Challenges |
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Protective Measures |
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Biosafety Laboratory Standards (BSL) |
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Biosafety Level 1 |
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Biosafety Level 2 |
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Biosafety Level 3 |
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Biosafety Level 4 |
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Summary |
| 17. |
Main Biologic Agents |
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Natural Evolution or Intentional Infliction |
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Anthrax |
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Morbidity |
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Vaccination |
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Reportability |
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Inhalation Anthrax |
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Clinical Features |
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Diagnosis |
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Cutaneous Anthrax |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Gastrointestinal Anthrax |
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Diagnosis and Treatment |
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Plague |
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Pathophysiology |
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Dissemination |
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Symptoms |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prevention/Prophylaxis |
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Cholera |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Features |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prevention/Prophylaxis |
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Tularemia |
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History of Tularemia as a Bio Weapon |
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Vector Transmission |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Manifestations |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prophylaxis/Prevention |
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Brucellosis |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Features |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prevention/Prophylaxis |
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Q fever |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Features |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prevention /Prophylaxis |
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Smallpox |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Signs |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prevention |
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Residual Immunity |
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Monkeypox |
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Viral Encephalitides |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Manifestations |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prevention |
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Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers |
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Ricin |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Manifestations |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prophylaxis |
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Botulinum Toxin |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Manifestations |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prevention/Prophylaxis |
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Mycotoxins |
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Pathophysiology |
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Clinical Manifestations |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Prevention |
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Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. |
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Toxicity |
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Diagnosis |
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Symptoms |
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Treatment for SEB Poisoning |
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Summary |
| 18. |
New Era in Public Health: Nursing on the Front Line |
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Public Health |
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The Four R’s for Nurses as Adopted by Many Organizations |
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Children Are Vulnerable |
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The School Nurse in Bio-terror or Pandemics |
| 19. |
Nurses Can Educate People - Now |
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What Nurses Need to Look at Today |
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Public Health Nursing |
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FluSurge |
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What Nurses Can Do Today |
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Expanded Scope of Practice |
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Nursing Infection Control Precautions for Influenza A (H5N1) |
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Isolation Precautions |
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Surveillance |
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Indications of Possible BW Agent Attack or a Pandemic |
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Resources for Nurses Who Wish to Become Better Prepared |
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Biosecurity |
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Summary |
| 20. |
Planning, Preparation, and Guidance |
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Surveillance and Laboratory Issues |
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Communication |
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Community Services |
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Medical Care |
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Influenza Pandemic Preparedness |
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Vaccines and Drugs |
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Pandemic Challenges |
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Backyard Local Farmers with Fresh Eggs |
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Isolating Flocks from Wild Bird Populations, Human Contact, and Each Other |
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Minimizing Bird-to-Human Contact |
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Other Ways of Preventing Spread of Virus Among Animals |
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Community Preparation |
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Family and Individual Plans |
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Water Treatment |
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Boiling |
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Chlorination |
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Water Treatment Purification Tablets |
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Distillation |
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Outdoor Water Sources: Purify the Water Before Drinking It. |
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Food Items |
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Long-Term Bulk Foods |
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Responsibilities of the Individuals and Families |
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Justified Alarm |
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Other Components |
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The Next Pandemic |
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Political and Financial Need |
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Financial Perspective |
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Government Response Today |
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Federal Actions |
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State and Local Responsibilities |
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Have a Disaster Plan, and Know It |
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Can You Locate Your Disaster Plan? |
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Conclusion |
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Bibliography |