HIV-AIDS
Self-Study Examination
Instructions: After studying the text answer the following true/false or multiple choice questions. Remember, there's only one answer to each question.
a) sexual contact with an infected person b) sharing needles with someone who is infected c) through transfusion of infected blood d) from HIV-infected mother to the baby
a) only one b) a few c) numerous
a) saliva b) tears c) sweat
a) food-service establishments b) “French” or open-mouth kissing c) mosquito or insect bites d) contact with an environmental surface e) all of the above
a) True b) False
a) Compared with persons infected with HIV-1, those infected with HIV-2 are less infectious and have a shorter duration of infectiousness. b) HIV-2 infections are predominantly found in Africa. c) Persons infected with HIV-2 develop immunodeficiency much more rapidly. d) Little is known about the best approach to the clinical treatment and care of patients infected with HIV-2.
a) constitutional symptoms: fever, diarrhea lasting more than 1 month b) Kaposi’s sarcoma c) listeriosis d) peripheral neuropathy
a) CD4 < 200 cells/mm3 b) category C clinical manifestations c) both of the above d) either a or b
a) CD4 cell count b) clinical history c) performance scale criteria
a) a few hours b) 5-30 days c) 6 months d) 5-10 years
a) HIV-RNA level b) CD4 cell count c) lymphocyte count d) P24 antigen
a) more, faster b) less, slower
a) There is an association between the quantity of virus transmitted and the risk of HIV infection. b) HIV transmissions have been reported among individuals with undetectable HIV-RNA levels. c) HIV-infected persons are least likely to transmit the infection during the initial stage of infection. d) HIV-infected women may transmit virus to a first-born child while not to a second-born child.
a) presence of sexually transmitted diseases and trauma b) uncircumcised male c) sex during menstruation d) ulcerative and non-ulcerative STDs e) all of the above
a) men who have sex with men b) injection drug users c) heterosexuals d) children born to HIV-infected women
a) whites b) African Americans c) Hispanics
a) Puerto Rico-born Hispanics b) Hispanics born in Mexico, Cuba, and Central and South America
a) HIV antibody tests are extremely accurate. b) HIV testing is mandatory for inmates of federal prisons, applicants to the armed services and immigrants. c) HIV antibody test is not recommended for pregnant women in their last trimester. d) Tuberculosis patients should routinely take HIV antibody tests.
a) This test requires that a blood specimen be drawn from a vein. b) Because EIA requires specialized equipment, the specimen must be sent to a laboratory. c) Test results are usually available several days to several weeks later. d) A negative screening test does not mean a person is not infected with HIV; further tests are required for confirmation.
a) the person is not infected; b) the person may have been tested too soon after infection; c) both of the above.
a) results in less than 30 minutes; b) eliminates the need for a second visit; c) the rapid HIV test is just as accurate as an EIA; d) if the rapid HIV test is reactive, confirmatory test is not required.
a) PCR b) bDNA c) NASBA
a) the person is “cured;” b) the person is no longer infectious; c) the person does not need to be monitored by his or her healthcare provider regularly; d) the person does not need to practice risk free behaviors; e) the current tests are not sensitive enough to measure very low levels of virus in the blood
a) 10000 b) 5000 c) 80,000 d) b and c e) a, b and c
a) provide a convenient forum for persons to learn their current serostatus; b) provide counseling help to prevent transmission or acquisition of HIV; c) identify and isolate individuals in the high-risk categories; d) help persons obtain referrals for needed services; e) provide prevention services and referrals for sex and needle-sharing partners of HIV-infected persons
a) Arrange repeat tests until the client accepts his or her seropositive status. b) Explain the continued risk of infecting sex and needle-sharing partners. c) Reinforce the importance of safer behaviors to protect himself or herself and others. d) Explain to the client the adverse impact of STDs and drug use upon immune functions.
a) Ensure that the client understands what the test result means. b) Arrange for a subsequent counseling session. c) If the client is uncontrollably upset, arrange for a repeat test and raise the possibility that the second test may turn out negative.
a) medications given to help prevent infection b) medications given to get rid of infection
a) HIV seropositive persons b) HIV seronegative persons c) persons whose serostatus in unknown d) high-risk categories of people
a) patient referral b) partner referral c) both d) none of the above
a) Risk behaviors which place individuals at risk for other STDs also increase a person’s risk of becoming infected with HIV. b) STDs that cause genital lesions can create a portal of entry for HIV. c) Co-infection with HIV and other STDs results both in more shedding of HIV and in greater concentrations of HIV being shed. d) People are 2-5 times more likely to become infected with HIV when other STDs are present. e) all of the above
a) latex b) synthetic c) lambskin d) all of the above e) a and b only
a) intravenous drug users b) men having sex with men c) heterosexual couples d) women who have sex with women
a) 10 b) 33 c) 50 d) 70
a) Universal precautions call for blood and body fluid precautions when a patient is known or suspected to be infected with bloodborne pathogens. b) Universal precautions mean that blood and body fluid precautions be consistently used for all patients regardless of their bloodborne infection status. c) Universal precautions are not necessary if the healthcare worker has been immunized with HBV vaccine. d) Universal precautions apply only in hospital settings.
a) blood and other body fluids containing visible blood b) semen and vaginal secretions c) amniotic fluid d) sweat, tears e) peritoneal fluid
a) In volunteer blood donation centers, the prevalence of infection with HIV and HBV is known to be very low. b) In many institutions the routine use of gloves for all phlebotomies is not mandated. c) both of the above d) none of the above
a) Use sterile gloves for procedures involving contact with normally sterile areas of the body. b) Change gloves between patients. c) Rubber household gloves can be used for housekeeping chores involving potential blood contact and for instrument cleaning. d) Disinfect surgical or examination gloves after procedures involving contact with blood before reusing them.
a) the immune system status of the healthcare worker; b) the number of infected individuals in the patient population; c) the chance of becoming infected after a single blood contact from an infected patient; d) the type and number of blood contacts.
a) flush splashes to the nose, mouth, or skin with water, and irrigate eyes with clean water; b) squeeze the wound and wash the blood away; c) use antiseptics or bleach at the wound site; d) all of the above
a) HBV b) HCV c) HIV
a) HBV b) HCV c) HIV d) a and b only e) a, b and c
a) Inquire if the patient is HIV infected; if so, use barriers such as gloves and/or goggles. b) Avoid all contacts with an HIV-infected patient. c) Follow infection control precautions with the assumption that the blood and body fluids from all patients are potentially infectious. d) Assign specific individuals to treat HIV-infected patients who will follow universal precautions.
a) Mandatory testing for HIV is recommended among certain population groups, such as some categories of healthcare workers, intravenous drug users, prisoners, homosexuals, etc. b) Young people who participate in comprehensive HIV prevention programs that include access to condoms are more likely to increase sexual activity than other young people. c) Increasing syringe availability and needle exchange programs among drug users encourage the use of illegal drugs. d) The availability of effective drug therapies makes it more important for HIV-infected to know their serostatus. This reason, anonymous testing should be the cornerstone of any prevention program.
a) toughen sanctions for illicit drug use b) increase syringe availability c) decriminalize dangerous drugs d) substance abuse prevention and treatment programs
a) mandatory HIV testing b) voluntary HIV testing coupled with counseling c) anonymous HIV testing d) partner counseling
a) the long-term effectiveness of HAART is unknown. b) High-risk behaviors, especially unprotected sex, are continuing at far too high a rate. c) Many gay and bisexual men believe they no longer need to use condoms because protease inhibitors are so effective in treating HIV disease. d) While the number of AIDS cases is declining, the number of people living with HIV infection is growing. e) all of the above
a) unprotected sex b) sharing needles with HIV-infected persons c) infants’ exposure from infected breast milk d) a and b e) a, b and c
a) accidental needle-sticks received by healthcare workers b) infants’ exposure from infected breast milk c) unanticipated sexual or drug injection-related exposures to HIV
a) severe side effects b) possibility that the virus strain will become resistant to the medications c) high cost d) all of the above
a) 1995 b) 1996 c) 1997 d) 1998
a) protease inhibitors b) reverse transcriptase inhibitors c) both
a) increased access to care b) highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) c) our growing expertise and experience in caring for HIV-infected people d) decrease in new HIV infections in the late 1980s due to prevention efforts
a) highly effective HIV prevention efforts b) rippling effect of new HIV infections and the number of people contracting AIDS c) AIDS patients who have regained their health due to HAART d) dramatic rise in HIV infections in the developing countries while AIDS-related deaths plummet in the U.S.
a) HAART regimen reduces HIV in the body to undetectable levels, leading people b) very expensive c) c) possibility that new drug-resistant strains of HIV may emerge d) may cause other side effects, such as diabetes e) all of the above
a) HIV-infected men who have sex with men b) HIV-infected injecting-drug users HIV and Tuberculosis
a) pyridoxine b) isoniazid c) zidovudine d) rifampin
a) the CD4 cell count is between 500 and 800; b) when the person has lost over 40% of body weight; c) when the CD4 cell is below 200; d) when the person has HIV and certain diseases, such as TB or Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia (PCP)–even if the CD4 cell count is over 200; e) c and d
a) 0.1 b) 0.25 c) 50% d) 70%
a) salmonella b) campylobacter c) candidiasis d) listeria e) cryptosporidium
a) Do not drink tap water or water straight from lakes, rivers or springs. b) Do not eat foods that may contain raw eggs, such as hollandaise sauce. c) Raw fruits and vegetables are safe to eat if you wash them carefully first. d) Do not eat in restaurants as a rule.