A Physician's Guide to Pain and Symptom Management

Self-Study Examination

Instructions: After studying the text answer the following true/false or multiple choice questions.  Remember, there's only one answer to each question.

1. When breaking bad news to a patient, which of the following should the health care professional always do?

a) Hold the conversation in a professional environment.
b) Ask the patient what his former physicians told him.
c) Give all the information possible.
d) Break the news quickly.

2. What is one of the most important things to do immediately after telling a patient about a cancer diagnosis?

a) remain silent and wait for the patient to talk
b) stay strong and in control
c) remind him/her not to be angry with you
d) leave the room so the patient can be alone

3. A diagnosis of cancer can trigger many psychological problems.  The most common are:

a) delusions about cure
b) fears of rejection and secrecy
c) anxious, depressed feelings
d) excessive attachments to caregivers

4. When initiating a discussion about advanced directives, it is essential that the health professional:

a) avoid terms like death or dying
b) understand that patients will be reluctant to make decisions
c) know that patients cannot decide without family input
d) ask the patient what to do if he or she dies 

5. Why do many physicians have difficulty discussing advance-care planning?

a) they focus on curing disease
b) they don’t want to think about their own death
c) it can lead to legal problems with family members
d) it can be a time-consuming process 

6. An important point to remember when discussing advance-care planning with family members when the patient is not able to participate in the discussion is:

a) to ask them what they want done
b) an expert medical opinion is valuable
c) to discuss what they each know about the patient’s wishes
d) there is always time to reconsider decisions 

7. Cancer patients will develop addiction if given high doses of opioid medications to control pain. 

a) true
b) false

8. If a patient develops withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking oxycodone, that is a sign that he is addicted.

a) true
b) false

9. Health-care professionals may underutilize opioid medications because they fear that patients may become addicted to them.

a) true
b) false

10. A primary reason cancer patients may not take pain medications as prescribed is the fear that medication may not relieve pain when it gets worse.

a) true
b) false

11. Which of the following will be the most helpful action a health professional can take to help patients who are afraid that they will become addicted if pain relief is needed frequently?

a) reassure them that prescription opioids are not the same as street drugs
b) explain how it is acceptable to take insulin if one has diabetes
c) remind them that they will not take the drug long enough to become addicted
d) prescribe long acting forms of drugs used

12. Using opioids for early cancer pain can increase patients’ quality of life because:

a) they can function more normally if pain free
b) they will know that later days will be more comfortable
c) they can deal with a painful diagnosis better
d) they can know how the medications will affect them later 

13. One of the side effects of opioid medications that does not usually persist or require  treatment is:

a) constipation
b) nausea
c) nightmares
d) doped feeling

14. Patients and families often have beliefs related to the use of pain medications based on understandings of their religious faith.  Which of the following is an accurate statement?

a) use of all opioid drugs is forbidden by the Catholic church
b) high doses of opioids for pain relief can contribute to a death considered suicide and unacceptable to the Catholic church
c) using medication dosages that shorten life and contribute to death is considered a mortal sin in most religions
d) adequate pain relief is morally acceptable to most patients if misconceptions about their religious doctrines are clarified

15. John Smith states that he does not want to take “drugs” for the pain caused by his kidney cancer.  His health-care provider may encourage him to take adequate pain relieving opioids if they agree:

a) health insurance coverage is available
b) he can hide the use from family members
c) he may then be able to participate in his weekly golf game
d) it is normal to have a low pain threshold

16. Nurses often face legal consequences for administering high doses of opioid medications.

a) true
b) false

17. The most effective strategy for helping patients manage pain begins with:

a) maintaining low doses of single drugs
b) reassuring patients that severity of pain cannot be measured
c) attempts to prevent dependence and addiction
d) providing education on correct pain management

18. One of the most important factors in helping terminally ill patients die is to provide every possible treatment.

a) true
b) false

19. The most essential part of a good death is:

a) providing adequate nutrition
b) having hospital beds available
c) keeping communication channels open
d) making decisions for the dying patient

20. When patients and family members are at different emotional stages one serious consequence can be:

a) excessive expenses
b) treatment failures
c) managed care interventions
d) absence of needed support

21. How can a health-care professional identify different priorities of patients and their family members?

a) make written lists of each one’s problems and needs in order of importance
b) ask patients and families to study patient education materials together
c) explain that they must talk and agree on what is to be done/when
d) have psychologists talk with patients and family members separately

22. Decisions to stop chemotherapy and other cancer treatment and provide only comfort care are based on:

a) patients and families giving up
b) need to work more regular hours
c) side effects outweighing benefits
d) problems monitoring outcomes

23. One of the best ways to have a conversation about discontinuing active cancer treatment is to talk about what will be done rather than what will no longer be done.

a) true
b) false

24. The most important thing to tell patients about hospice care is:

a) costs will be less than hospital care
b) DNR status is required
c) patient’s values will guide care planning
d) death must be imminent

25. Which of the following statements is true of hospice care?

a) care is available 24 hours/day
b) families are not expected to participate in care
c) volunteers provide the majority of comfort care
d) it is often difficult to determine when cancer patients qualify

26. Respite care is appropriate for which of the following situations?

a) when insurance will no longer pay for home care
b) when patients have no in-home support system
c) when patients need a break from chemotherapy
d) when family members need time for relaxation

27. If requested to assist a patient commit suicide, which of the following actions is the most appropriate?

a) comply if the patient understands his request
b) change the subject to discuss treatment options
c) remind the patient that the request is illegal
d) explain that you will help manage pain, but cannot directly kill

28. Grief rounds can be helpful for staff by:

a) providing time away from dying patients
b) giving treatment and research options to busy staff
c) acknowledging that feelings are not unique
d) getting colleagues to take over difficult patients

29. Dealing with cancer patients and their families can be emotionally draining for health-care professionals and family members.  In addition to using exercise and/or relaxation strategies to reduce stress, it is essential to:

a) grieve losses
b) minimize personal involvement
c) carry on with pleasurable activities
d) keep emotions in check

30. Which of the following is a key factor in assessing pain in cancer patients?

a) understand relative amount of pain expected in certain cancers
b) treat all patients as if pain is intractable
c) ask the patient about the presence of pain
d) know if the patient has history of low pain threshold

31. Pain assessment for patients with cancer should include:

a) family members’ assessment of presence of pain
b) understanding of the expected pain for the type of pain
c) categorization of stages of pain
d) psychological state of patient

32. Patients’ reports of pain cannot be used to determine treatment plans.

a) true
b) false

33. ACHPR has issued guidelines for assessing pain that include ongoing assessment and revision of treatment plan.

a) true
b) false

34. One barrier to believing a patient’s report of pain is:

a) clinicians historically do not accept patient self report
b) clinical studies have proven inaccuracy of self reports
c) knowledge of chronic pain symptom patterns
d) patient’s continued participation in usual activities

35. Pain intensity scales are used to measure objective feelings of pain.

a) true
b) false

36. Pain intensity scales have been found to be reliable and accurate in assessing pain and monitoring pain relief.

a) true
b) false

37. If a patient describes pain as a constant, dull ache, he has which of the following types of pain?

a) neuropathic
b) somatic
c) visceral
d) generalized

38. If the pain is described as  intense, ripping, tearing sensation it is likely:

a) neuropathic
b) somatic
c) visceral
d) generalized

39. Which of the following social concerns can increase the impact of pain for a cancer patient?

a) spiritual faith and support
b) feelings of being a burden on caregivers
c) competence of health-care professionals
d) availability of adequate pain control

40. When a terminally ill patient suddenly begins complaining that his family is trying to poison him this may be a sign of:

a) psychotic break
b) wish to die
c) delirious state
d) taste bud disturbance

41. Assessment of the financial status of a cancer patient is necessary because:

a) lack of ability to afford care can inhibit use of pain medications
b) full social history must be documented for legal protection
c) insurance claims may not be necessary
d) long-term needs are going to be costly 

42. Drugs such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen are not effective in treating cancer pain.

a) true
b) false

43. To relieve pain, the daily dosage of ibuprofen should be at least 1200 mg.

a) true
b) false

44. NSAIDs are more likely to provide relief for which of the following types of pain?

a) severe retractable pain
b) neuropathic pain
c) urologic pain
d) bone pain 

45. NSAIDs should not be routinely given to patients with:

a) chronic pain
b) history of long-term use
c) chronic indigestion
d) inflamed tissue 

46. Which of the following NSAIDs can only be used short term?

a) acetylsalicylic acid
b) ibuprofen
c) indomethacin
d) ketorolac 

47. NSAIDs should not be used for elderly patients because of increased danger of:

a) heart problems
b) kidney failure
c) gastrointestinal disease
d) cognitive disturbances 

48. One important key to preventing toxicity from NSAIDs is to:

a) discard immediately upon drug expiration date
b) use sparingly
c) evaluate all other medications taken
d) monitor platelet counts regularly 

49. When using opioid medications for relief of cancer pain it is necessary to:

a) give higher doses if needed to control pain
b) limit frequency of doses
c) administer when pain becomes intolerable
d) maintain prescribed schedules 

50. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed an approach for treating cancer pain that includes which of the following?

a) a guide for controlling medication administration
b) drugs that cannot be used safely
c) signs of pain that require opioids
d) a step-wise escalation of type and dosage of drugs

51. What is the primary reason that meperidine is not included in drugs on the WHO analgesic ladder?

a) it is very addictive
b) oral doses are taken too frequently
c) relief of pain is too brief
d) it is ineffective with adjuvant medications 

52. Which of the following routes should not be used to administer opioids for management of cancer pain?

a) oral
b) intramuscular
c) intravenous
d) topical patches

53. Constipation caused by opioids can be managed by increasing fiber in the diet.

a) true
b) false

54. Antiemetic medications given prophylactically for the first week of opioid therapy are often an effective way to deal with nausea.

a) true
b) false

55. Respiratory depression occurs frequently in patients who take opioids for management of cancer pain.

a) true
b) false

56. If respiratory depression is accompanied by the following symptom, a cause other than opioid medication should be sought.

a) sleepiness
b) confusion
c) sedation
d) agitation 

57. The risk of administering undiluted naloxone rapidly to a cancer patient with severe respiratory distress is that he or she will:

a) awaken with severe intractable pain
b) have extremely rapid respiration
c) cannot take opioid medications in the future
d) not be able to excrete the drug safely 

58. "Muscle relaxants" adjuvant medication is most helpful for __________ cancer pain.

a) bone pain
b) nerve ending pain
c) acute spasms

59. "Anticonvulsants" adjuvant medication is most helpful for __________ cancer pain.

a) bone pain
b) nerve ending pain
c) acute spasms

60. "Steroids" adjuvant medication is most helpful for __________ cancer pain.

a) bone pain
b) nerve ending pain
c) acute spasms

61. When starting patients on opioid medications it is important to have them keep a pain diary for which of the following reasons?

a) prevent legal problems
b) monitor potential addiction
c) adjustment of medication dosage
d) assess severity of pain 

62. In addition to regularly scheduled sustained release opioid medications for moderate to severe cancer pain, patients may need:

a) intermittent doses of fast-acting opioids
b) counseling to understand importance of medications
c) brief drug-free periods
d) drug changes regularly 

63. Which of the following treatments can supplement medication in treating pain caused by bony metastases?

a) massage 
b) acupuncture
c) alternating heat and cold packs
d) application of electrical stimulators 

64. An important benefit of education for cancer patients is:

a) to help them accept their diagnosis
b) to provide comfort and support
c) to dispel misconceptions
d) to aid in acceptance of chemotherapy 

65. Progressive muscle relaxation is a technique that can:

a) lower intensity of pain
b) provide distraction
c) take considerable time to learn
d) be helpful once a day 

66. In which of the following ways can music therapy be particularly helpful for dying patients?

a) improves the atmosphere of sick room
b) reassures family members
c) distracts from sadness and pain
d) provides life review 

67. One of the primary benefits of non-pharmacologic adjuvant treatments is:

a) immediate feelings of pain relief
b) elimination of need for pain medication
c) additional caregiver support
d) increased sense of well being 

68. One of the difficulties in diagnosing depression in cancer patients is that:

a) patients are often unwilling to talk
b) effects of cancer are often the same as signs of depression
c) pain medications often mask signs of depression
d) patients often try to encourage family members 

69. Which of the following types of pharmacologic agents can be helpful in treating anxiety and depression in cancer patients?

a) SSRI’s
b) benzodiazepines
c) sedatives
d) psycho stimulants 

70. One of the common suggestions for dealing with the dry mouth caused by cancer and also by the patient’s medications and treatments is:

a) increasing fluid intake
b) limiting salt in the diet
c) sucking sugar-free hard candies
d) take medications in frequent smaller doses 

71. Nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy is best treated:

a) by giving medications before and after chemotherapy
b) by giving medications immediately after each treatment
c) by monitoring the need for medications and titrating doses
d) by using higher doses of single drugs  

72. Shortness of breath and cough are distressing symptoms for patients with advanced cancer.  Treatment should be:

a) based on the prognosis
b) directed at underlying cause
c) recognized as unnecessary in the last days of life
d) related to pain medication schedule 

73. Which of the following should be avoided by cancer patients with pruritis?

a) warm showers
b) body lotions and oils
c) cold packs
d) floral scented bath gels 

74. One way of providing relief from all types of itching experienced by cancer patients is the administration of antihistamines.

a) true
b) false

75. Which of the following can be helpful for cancer patients with chronic insomnia?

a) take short naps
b) lie quietly in bed throughout the night
c) practice guided imagery
d) a glass of wine at bedtime 

76. Most cancer patients have excessive fatigue and weakness that cannot be treated.

a) true
b) false

77. It is essential for cancer patients to maintain a balanced diet.

a) true
b) false

78. Use of dietary supplements has been found beneficial for long-term weight maintenance in cancer patients.

a) true
b) false

79. Which of the following statements about palliative care teams is true?

a) palliative care teams work only in hospice settings
b) palliative care teams provide emergency services
c) palliative care teams can provide care that isn’t offered by hospice
d) palliative care teams are generally paid for by patients’ insurances

80. In addition to caring for patients, a palliative care team can provide:

a) home-health service
b) respite care for family members
c) transportation arrangements
d) staff education 

81. Which of the following is the most important component of caring for dying patients?

a) clinical competence to relieve mental and physical pain
b) ability to empathize
c) skills in explaining symptoms and prognosis
d) good communication skills 

82. It may be important to recognize when a terminally ill patient is nearing death because:

a)  family members can be cheerful and keep the patient from losing hope if they know
b) patients can give up without pressure from family members
c) time to spend with patients can be planned for
d) hospitalization can be arranged  

83. How can one identify when patients are approaching the last days of life?

a) they give up
b) they refuse to talk about the future
c) their pain becomes more severe
d) they have long periods of sleeping 

84. One of the things that family members will benefit from during the final days is:

a) learning that they will have different roles from early days
b) being left alone with the patient
c) knowing how to provide fluids and maintain hydration
d) suggestions for ways to make food appealing and easy to swallow 

85. One of the most important considerations for staff caring for dying patients in an inpatient setting is understanding that:

a) death comes to everyone
b) guilt is unwarranted
c) family members are relieved
d) assignments can be refused 

86. During the final days of life, one of the most challenging things is:

a) dealing with family members
b) accepting termination of treatment
c) managing symptoms
d) arranging for medical supplies 

87. The “death rattle” experienced by more than half of dying patients can be lessened by administering drying agents and:

a) propping patient in bed
b) limiting fluid intake
c) administering oxygen
d) teaching mouth-breathing techniques 

88. When food and fluids are withheld or refused during the last days of life:

a) patients may have muscle pains and aching
b) fluids should be provided intravenously
c) caregivers can encourage small sips of fluids frequently
d) patients do not experience hunger or thirst 

89. Administration of medication that controls pain, shortness of breath, and agitation in the dying patient may have which of the following effects?

a) unconsciousness
b) hypertension
c) sensitivity to noises and light
d) excess thirst

90. Support programs for the bereaved are now part of caring for the dying. When helping family members cope with grief, they should be taught that:

a) everyone experiences grief in a similar way
b) normal grief follows a predictable course
c) talking about loss intensifies grief
d) asking for help is acceptable