Transcultural Nursing

Self-Study Examination

Instructions: After studying the text answer the following true/false or multiple choice questions. Remember, there's only one answer to each question.

1.	The population increase of culturally diverse individuals is due current immigration rates, the fact that Anglo-American population is aging, and the declining fertility and birth rate for White Americans.

2.	Leininger defined transcultural nursing as a field of nursing that is focused on the comparative study and analysis of different cultures and subcultures in the world with respect to their caring behavior, nursing care, and health-illness values, beliefs,

3.	Cultural heritage is important to all culturally diverse individuals and must be acted on accordingly.

4.	According to Leininger, culturally congruent, beneficial nursing care occurs only when the individual, group, family, community, or culture care values, expressions or patterns are known and used by the nurse in an appropriate manner.

5.	Leininger's Culture Care Theory was based on the use of an inductive, qualitative research method called ethnonursing.

6.	Cultural care universality refers to the variablities and/or differences in meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, or symbols of care within or between collectivities that are related to assistive, supportive, or enabling human care expressions.

7.	Ethnohistory refers to the past facts, events, instances, and experiences of individuals, groups, cultures, and institutions that are primarily people-centered and that describe, explain, and interpret human lifeways within particular cultural contexts.

8.	The importance of self-knowledge is essential to working effectively across cultures.

9.	The first level of dimensions of an individual's personal identity includes personal history, age, culture, ethnicity, gender, language, race, sexual orientation, physical disability, and social class.

10.	The first step towards removing cultural communication barriers is to recognize resistant or defensive behavior then take steps to address it.

11.	If the nurse is unsure of the communication patterns of the client, it would be better to not communicate at all, rather than make a mistake.

12.	Nurses can hide any prejudicial attitudes towards culturally diverse clients by smiling profusely and referring to the client by his or her first name.

13.	Language or verbal communication include such factors as; vocabulary, grammatical structure, voice quality, intonation, rhythm, speed, pronunciation, and silence.

14.	Humor should be used as a healing tool for all clients, regardless of personality, culture, background and level of pain.

15.	Knowledge of the client's cultural customs and beliefs is needed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing actions and modify nursing care plans when necessary.

16.	Leininger defines cultural care assessment as the systematic identification of the cultural basic beliefs, meanings, values, symbols, and practices of culturally diverse individual or groups within a holistic perspective.

17.	The client's cultural secrets are not generally shared unless the client believes that the nurse can be trusted, is genuinely interested, and can respect and protect cultural viewpoints.

18.	Leininger developed an alternative cultural assessment guide to use in short term, emergency, and acute care centers.

19.	Transcultural assessment is the basis for effective, culturally congruent, health care plans in a variety of settings regardless of whether the level is primary, secondary, or tertiary.

20.	It is likely that the culturally diverse client will be offended if the nurse attempts to discuss cultural differences, therefore it is best not to bring up the topic.

21.	The Cultural Manifestations Assessment was designed specifically to be used when assessing culturally diverse clients within a hospital setting.

22.	The assessment question "What is the daily routine of the culturally diverse group?" is making an inquiry into the social life of that particular community.

23.	The nurse should be aware that all of an individual's cultural influences are readily apparent and the assessment is only used to verify the nurse's assumptions.

24.	The Community Capacity Building Model recognizes and concentrates on community assets over a social services model that tends to concentrate on deficits.

25.	Some of the greatest problems of Anglo-American nurses when working with same-culture clients has been ethnocentrism and cultural blindness in which the nurse fails to recognize cultural variations among White Americans.

26.	Symbolic environment refers to the music, art, history, and other symbols that provide a common means of communication and identification with a group's values and norms.

27.	The low-income client is likely to receive fragmentation of care that depersonalizes care and often leads to confusion on the part of the client.

28.	Basically, most Anglo-Americans have the same cultural values, regardless of socioeconomic status.

29.	No matter where in the United States African-Americans live, one of the most important social structure features in this group is the extended family and its kinship ties.

30.	Role flexibly serves an effective coping mechanism in healthy African American families because it is often necessary for mothers to work outside the home.

31.	The greatest disparity in life expectancy rates among African American males is homicide.

32.	Nurses must develop sensitivity to communication variances as a prerequisite for accurate nursing assessment and intervention in multicultural situations.

33.	It is "reverse racism" when the nurse from mainstream society faces an African-American client who is hostile and angry.

34.	The Hispanic family resilience may be one factor that explains a consistent finding that despite high rates of poverty, Hispanics have relatively good health.

35.	Hispanic relationships are hierarchical in nature. Status and authority are accorded by virtue of age and experience with males holding the highest value.

36.	Pesticides provide a dangerous hazard to all Mexican-American farm workers and are especially hazardous to pregnant women and children.

37.	For Cubans, problems related to elder care, illness and death are more severe than those related to child care or problems relating to street gangs.

38.	Central American refugees must often deal with the ravages of war and the inherent psychological and physical problems that are the result of their experiences.

39.	The curanderismo is a folk medicine system based on the knowledge of herbal remedies, Spanish prayers, altered states of consciousness, and healing rituals.

40.	The family is the first place the Hispanic is likely to turn for help when he or she is ill.

41.	Since Hispanics have great respect for power and authority, the individual is not likely to voice disagreement to the healthcare professional.

42.	When nurses work with recently immigrated Hispanic clients, it would be well to consider the fact that they are in the process of grieving over the many losses suffered when leaving their homeland.

43.	In order to make the Hispanic client feel part of the culture, the nurse should "Anglosize" his or her Spanish name.

44.	Due to the hierarchical nature of Hispanic societies, young children should not be used as interpreters for their parents.

45.	Chinese culture is dominated by Confucius' teaching which encourage individuals to pursue love, righteousness, decorum, and wisdom.

46.	The Chinese tend to value silence more than Americans and are likely to avoid disagreeing or criticizing.

47.	Because Chinese Americans often believe that they do not have control over nature and maintain a fatalistic outlook on life, they may be hesitant about seeking health care treatment.

48.	The Japanese worldview includes collective group harmony in which one's individual concerns are displaced for the sake of harmony with family, work, and social groups.

49.	Japanese families traditionally value authoritarian styles of leadership where the father makes unilateral family decisions.

50.	Nurses need to recognize that the reserved and formal behavior manifested by some Japanese Americans is dysfunctional.

51.	Korean Americans are generally more oriented to the future than the ancient past and will adapt consistent, provable change when necessary.

52.	Etiquette is very important to Koreans and it is a mistake to appear too familiar or informal when providing nursing care to Korean clients.

53.	Silent patience is thought to be a virtue in life with Asian populations and any formal or informal complaint is likely to be delayed as long as possible.

54.	Hmongs are of Asian descent and are an indigenous ethnic-cultural group of people who originally lived in the rural highland of Laos.

55.	Taoism has been influential in Vietnamese culture, which emphasizes the belief that individuals should attempt to blend into the natural world rather than trying to conquer it.

56.	Buddhism is prevalent in Cambodia, which includes a belief in the theory that a person's present life is pre-determined by his or her previous life's good or bad deeds.

57.	Eastern cultural systems value mastery of nature, social mobility, and divergent thinking.

58.	With the Vietnamese, small families are now encouraged whereas; large families are a source of pride in Cambodian, Laotian, and Hmong culture.

59.	When communicating, Southeast Asians are likely to look steadily at respected people's eyes.

60.	For many refugees, the greatest source of stress lies in the overwhelming priority placed on basic survival needs and it is about 6 to 12 months before psychiatric problems become obvious.

61.	There is little diversity in Native American culture and most tribes ascribe to the same cultural values and speak the same language.

62.	Most traditional Native American groups have trained practitioners i.e.; medicine men, shamans, caciques who are responsible for teaching morals and ethics.

63.	The Native American perception of family is universal and extends to relatives, clan members, community members, all living creatures in this world, nature as a whole and the universe itself.

64.	The transitional Native American generally speaks and thinks in their native language and practice only traditional beliefs and values.

65.	The minority person who is in the Conformity Stage of the Racial/Cultural Identity model is likely to reject the majority social, cultural, and institutional standards as having no validity.

66.	During the Integrative Awareness Stage of the Racial/Cultural Identity model, the individual has developed an inner sense of security and can own and appreciate unique aspects of their own culture as will as the majority culture.

67.	Self-reflection is needed by the transcultural nurse in order to understand the dynamics of privilege, power, and prejudice on one's world view.

68.	The culturally ignorant nurse usually comes from a homogeneous background and lacks knowledge of and experience with diverse cultures.

69.	Nurses must examine the culture values of the group that they are serving if they are to provide culturally congruent nursing care that is meaningful in its cultural context.

70.	It is important for the nurse to be aware of his or her own cultural values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices when interacting with clients from various cultures.

71.	In order to maintain a harmonious relationship with the nurse, the Asian client is likely to be quiet and compliant during illness.

72.	During illness, culturally acceptable sick role behavior may range from aggressive, demanding behavior to silent passivity.

73.	Although most nurses have been taught to maintain eye contact when speaking with clients, this behavior may be interpreted incorrectly by culturally diverse clients.

74.	When the client does not speak English, it is best to ask a relative, friend, or even another client to interpret since they are readily available and likely anxious to help.

75.	The folk medicine system classifies illnesses or diseases as natural or unnatural, natural events have to do with world as God made i and unnatural views as events that interrupt God's plan.

76.	Although many cultures believe in the hot/cold theory of disease, there is little agreement across cultures on what constitutes hot and cold illness or treatment.

77.	The integrative approach to educating transcultural nurses is one in which cultural concepts pervade the entire curriculum.

78.	A change agent is one who is willing to take action to address prejudicial statements and discriminatory actions.

79.	Patronization is an adoption of an air of superiority and condescension toward an individual or group.

80.	Self-fulfilling prophecy is the practice of deciding something is True and then making it come True.