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1. History of Hispanic American Immigration v Early History In the Southeast In the Southwest Mexican Independence and Free Trade v Conflict With the United States Problems For Landowners v Immigration in the Early 1900’s Immigration Restrictions Growing Discrimination v Effects of World War II v Immigration In the Mid-1900’s Puerto Rican Migration Cuban Migration Problems With Cuban Migration Living Conditions for Cuban Americans v Immigration in the Late 1900’s Hispanic Americans Today 2. Understanding the Hispanic Culture v Cultural Backgrounds of Hispanic Americans Cultural Bonds National and Ethnic Origins Where Hispanics Live Settlers in the West Indies Spanish and African Influences in Puerto Rico and Cuba Aztec Influence in Mexico Spanish and Indian Cultures in Mexico Holidays v The Day of the Dead–Mexico Honors Those Gone But Not Forgotten v Hispanic Values Family Values Etiquette Rituals and Religions Celebrations and Holidays Eating Habits Teaching and Learning Implications References 3. What It Means to Be Latino v On Terminology: Hispanic or Latino? v ‘Hispanic’ vs ‘Latino’ 4. Getting to Know The Hispanic/Latino Culture La Familia Respeto Personalismo Confianza Names Family Structures Communication and Social Interaction Time Orientation Concept of Health References v Mexican-American Food Habits and Their Relationship to Dietary Guidelines Eating Practices, Food Preferences and Food Preparation Techniques Teaching Implications References v Puerto Rican Food Habits and Their Relationship to Dietary Guidelines Eating Practices, Food Preferences Teaching Implications References v La Cocina—Southwestern Cuisine 5. Hispanic Health Status Key Facts v Mortality and Morbidity
Smoking v Key Areas of Concern
AIDS and HIV v Health Beliefs and Practices
Concept of Health v Health Culture Sketch
Introduction 6. Cultural Diversity: Eating in America v Mexican-American
Food Habits and Their Relationship to Dietary Guidelines
References
v Puerto Rican
Food Habits and Their Relationship to Dietary Guidelines
References v La Cocina—Southwestern Cuisine 88 7. Acculturation Erodes the Diet Quality of U.S. Hispanics Status of Hispanics Varies by Origins Table 1. U.S. Hispanic Populations
Vary Widely in Age, Disease and Mortality Puzzle Policymakers Hispanics Surpass Non-Hispanics in Diet Quality . . . Especially Spanish-Speaking Hispanics Table 2. Hispanic Spanish Speakers Score Highest on Healthy Eating Index Table 3. Hispanic Attitudes and Knowledge About Nutrition Diverge References v Nutrition Counseling Tips For Hispanic-American Clients 8. Folk Medicine in Hispanics Concept of Disease Origins of Hispanic Folk Medicine Utilization of Lay Healers Among Hispanics Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Folk Medicine-Treatments-Upper Respiratory Infection Folk Medicine-Treatments-Osteoarthritis/Rheumatism v Treatment of Folk Illnessess Conclusion Folk Remedies Everyone Should Know Illustrations: Plants and Herbs Commonly Used as Folk Remedies Curandera Preparing for a Barrida 9. The Influence of Ethnicity on the Use of Herbal Remedies v Introduction Discussion Conclusion Table 1. Herbal Users by Perceived Health Problems Table 2. Botanical Nomenclature for Commonly Used Herbal Remedies Table 3. Herb Users’ Sources of Information on Herbal Remediesa Table 4. Frequency of Use of the Top 10 Herbs Used by Herbal Users Table 5. Most Frequently Used Herbal Remedies forTop Five Perceived Health Problems References 10. Hispanics/Latinos: Health Disparities Overview Terminology v Demographics Size and Origin of Population Location Age Family Size Underlying Causes of Health Disparities: Income and Education Education Socioeconomic Status and Health Status Income and Economic Status Employment v Health Status Leading Causes of Mortality Specific Health Concerns Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices Traditional Illnesses v Risk Factors and Challenges Racism Environmental and Occupational Hazards Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Quality Care Language and Communication Obesity Smoking Alcohol Use Physical Activity Practical Tips For Treating Hispanic Patients Strengths and Protective Factors Diet v Adherence Factors Decision-making Communication v Complementary and Alternative Medicine References and Resources v Quality & Culture Quiz v Quality & Culture Quiz Answers 11. Cancer Health Disparities v Cancer Rates Overall Incidence and Mortality Rates African -Americans Hispanics/Latinos Asian Pacific Islanders American Indian/Alaska Natives v What Are Cancer Health Disparities? Financial Issues Minorities Are More Likely Not to Have a Regular Doctor Minorities Face Greater Difficulty in Communicating With Physicians Transportation Can Limit Access Accurate Information is Not Universally Available Percentage of Adults Who Have Problems Communicating With Their Doctor Percentage of U.S. Women Who Had Screening Tests Available Information Does Not Reach All Populations Potential Biases Can Affect Cancer Health Not Everyone Receives the Screening Equally Higher Percentage of Whites Receive Medicare Services in Managed Care Plans Older African Americans Receive Lower Rate of Surgery And Have Lower Resulting Survival Rate 12. Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) v Eliminate Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) What is the burden of cardiovascular disease in the United States? Where are the disparities? What is the goal? What is the strategy? What can healthcare providers do to help reduce the burden of CVD? What can individuals do to decrease their risk of developing CVD? For More Information About Cardiovascular Disease: 13. Unequal Treatment: What Healthcare Providers Need to Know v Do Racial and Ethnic Minorities Receive a Lower Quality of Healthcare? v What Are the Sources of Healthcare Disparities? Clinical Uncertainty The Implicit Nature of Stereotypes Healthcare Provider Prejudice or Bias Medical Decisions Under Time Pressure with Limited Information Patient Response: Mistrust and Refusal v What Can Healthcare Providers Do to Help Eliminate Disparities in Care? Guide to Information Sources REFERENCES Did You Know... 14. Diabetes in Hispanic Americans v Major Studies of Diabetes in Hispanic Americans v How Many Hispanic Americans Have Diabetes? Table 1. Hispanic American Populations
in the United States and v What Factors Increase the Chance of Developing Type 2 Diabetes? Genetic Risk Factors Figure 1. Prevalence of Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Diabetes in Mexican Americans, U.S., 1988-94 Figure 2. Genetic Origins of the Major Hispanic Subgroups in the United States Medical and Lifestyle Risk Factors Prediabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose) Gestational Diabetes Hyperinsulinemia and Insuln Resistance Obesity Figure 3. Prevalence of Overweight
Individuals Among Whites, Physical Activity v How Does Diabetes Affect Hispanic Young People? v How Does Diabetes Affect Hispanic Women During Pregnancy? v How Do Diabetes Complications Affect Hispanic Americans? Eye Disease Kidney Disease Nerve Disease Peripheral Vascular Disease Heart Disease Diabetes and Diet v
How Is NIDDK Addressing the Problem of Diabetes in Hispanic Diabetes Prevention Program National Diabetes Education Program v Points to Remember References 15. Minority Women’s Health Concerns v
What Health Problems Affect a Lot of Hispanic Americans/Latina Obesity and Overweight Heart Disease Stroke Cancers Maternal and Infant Health Smoking and Pregnancy: A Critical Risk Factor for Pregnant Females HIV/AIDS Cultural Attitudes Gender Roles Attitudes About Sex Other Sexually Transmited Diseases Diabetes Mellitus Tuberculosis Psychiatric Disorders v Violence Against Women Hispanic American/Latina Women Leading Causes of Death for Women in the United States, 2000 v Getting Health Care What types of care coverage exist? How do
I find For More Information 16. Factors Affecting The Health of Women of Color v Adolescent Females of Color Access to Services Health Health Risk Behaviors Sexual Intercourse Substance Abuse Unsafe Moter Vehicle Operation Healthful Behaviors v Elderly Women of Color Demographics Native Americans Hispanics Black Americans Asians and Pacific Islanders Access to Health Care Health Assessment 17. Maternal Health of Hispanic Women Folic Acid Knowledge and Use Among Hispanic Women Preventing Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies Among Hispanic Women v Maternal Health Risks of Immigrant Women From Latin America v Maternal & Reproductive Health Beliefs v
Understanding the Health Culture of Recent Immigrants to the United Examples of Cultural Beliefs Held by Certain Immigrant Groups Examples of Epidemiological Data Affecting the Health of Childbearing Women Examples of Proposed Links Between Epidemiological Data and Cultural Beliefs/Practices; and Associated Health Risks to Pregnant Women and Infants Lessons for Health Care Professionals From Knowledge of Cultural Beliefs or Immigrant Experiences REFERENCES 18. Violence and Minority Women v Screening for Abuse in Spanish-Speaking Women Women Abuse Screening Tool 19. Hispanic American Elders v Introduction v The Older Hispanic Population: Past, Present, and Future Residence Educational Level Living Arrangements Poverty Health Self-Rated Health Status Access to Medical Care Diversity of Hispanic Elders Health and Chronic Illnesses Hispanic Americans and Family Caregiving Older Hispanic Americans and Poverty Education v Elderly Abuse in Hispanic Families 20. Alcohol and Minorities v Ethnic Differences in Drinking Patterns v Ethnicity and Alcohol Problems Medical Consequences Social Consequences v Contributors to Ethnic Differences Social Factors Biological Factors v Prevention School-Based Prevention Family-Based Prevention Alcohol Availability v Treatment v
NIAAA Analysis Reveals Increased Risk for Liver Cirrhosis Death
Among References 21. Hispanics and Tobacco v Health Effects v Cigarette Smoking Prevalence Prevalence of Other Forms of Tobacco Use Tobacco Industry Influence References 22. Mental Health v Latinos/Hispanic Americans Need For Mental Health Care High-Need Populations Availability of Mental Health Services Access to Mental Health Services Use of Mental Health Services Appropriateness and Outcomes of Mental Health Services Culturally Specific Mental Health Resources
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