| 1 | Description of the Disorder | ||
| 1.1 | Definitions | ||
| 1.2 | Terminology | ||
| 1.2.1 | Classification of Pain | ||
| 1.3 | Epidemiology | ||
| 1.3.1 | Prevalence of Chronic Pain | ||
| 1.3.2 | Economic Impact of Pain | ||
| 1.4 | Course and Prognosis | ||
| 1.5 | Differential Diagnosis | ||
| 1.6 | Comorbidities | ||
| 1.6.1 | Sleep Disorders | ||
| 1.6.2 | Depression | ||
| 1.6.3 | Anxiety | ||
| 1.6.4 | Substance Abuse | ||
| 1.7 | Diagnostic Procedures and Documentation | ||
| 2 | Theories and Models of the Disorder | ||
| 2.1 | Dualistic Models | ||
| 2.2 | Gate-Control Theory | ||
| 2.3 | Biopsychosocial Model | ||
| 2.3.1 | Operant Conditioning Model | ||
| 2.3.2 | Cognitive-Behavioral Model | ||
| 2.3.3 | Multidisciplinary Management | ||
| 3 | Diagnosis and Treatment Indications | ||
| 3.1 | Referral Questions and Medical Record Review | ||
| 3.2 | Guidelines of Assessing Medical History | ||
| 3.2.1 | History of Pain Complaint | ||
| 3.2.2 | Pain Intensity, Location, Aggravating and Relieving Factors | ||
| 3.2.3 | Medical History | ||
| 3.3 | Guidelines for Assessing Cognitions | ||
| 3.3.1 | Beliefs and Expectations | ||
| 3.3.2 | Cognition | ||
| 3.4 | Guidelines for Assessing Psychiatric Disorders | ||
| 3.4.1 | Behavioral Observations and Mental Status | ||
| 3.4.2 | Depression | ||
| 3.4.3 | Anxiety Disorders | ||
| 3.4.4 | Substance Abuse | ||
| 3.5 | Guidelines of Assessing Daily Activity Patterns | ||
| 3.5.1 | Work and Everyday Activities | ||
| 3.5.2 | Relationships- Family and Friends | ||
| 3.6 | Additional Areas for Assessment | ||
| 3.6.1 | Anger | ||
| 3.6.2 | Social History | ||
| 3.6.3 | Educational and Employment History | ||
| 3.6.4 | Presurgical Screening | ||
| 3.7 | Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations | ||
| 3.7.1 | Diagnosis | ||
| 3.7.2 | Treatment Plan | ||
| 3.7.3 | Referrals to Additional Providers and Communication with Referring Physicians | ||
| 4 | Treatment | ||
| 4.1 | Introduction | ||
| 4.2 | Methods of Treatment | ||
| 4.2.1 | Medical Treatments | ||
| 4.3 | Psychological Interventions | ||
| 4.3.1 | Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | ||
| 4.3.2 | Education | ||
| 4.3.3 | Identifying and Restructuring Negative Cognitions | ||
| 4.3.4 | Changing Behaviors | ||
| 4.3.5 | Self-Regulatory Techniques | ||
| 4.4 | Efficacy and Prognosis | ||
| 4.5 | Mechanisms of Action | ||
| 4.6 | Variations and Combinations of Methods | ||
| 4.6.1 | Physical Therapy | ||
| 4.6.2 | Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) | ||
| 4.7 | Problems in Carrying Out the Treatments | ||
| 4.8 | Multicultural Issues | ||
| 4.9 | Conclusion | ||
| 5 | Case Vignette | ||
| 6 | Further Reading | ||
| 7 | References | ||
| 8 | Appendix: Tools and Resources | ||