1. |
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart |
|
1. |
Describe the role of the right heart in the circulatory process. |
|
2. |
Describe the role of the left heart in the circulatory process. |
|
3. |
Identify the manner in which the heart is situated in the chest and is
held in place. |
|
4. |
Define systole and diastole as parts of the cardiac cycle. |
|
5. |
Describe the heart's valves and discuss the activity of the valves. |
|
6. |
Name the basic unit of cardiac muscle fiber and describe its parts. |
|
7. |
List and explain the properties of cardiac muscle. |
|
8. |
Define myocin, actin, myofibril, sarcomere. |
|
9. |
Name the coronary arteries. |
|
10. |
Differentiate between right and left vessel dominance. |
|
11. |
Describe the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump. |
|
12. |
Define ECG. |
|
13. |
Name the major chemoreceptor and describe its response to stimulation. |
|
14. |
Compare baroceptor response to decreased systolic blood pressure and to
increased systolic blood pressure. |
|
15. |
Differentiate between an adrenergic and a cholinergic response. |
2. |
Assessment of the Heart |
|
1. |
Describe the first step in a nursing assessment of the heart. |
|
2. |
Name one chief complaint that is frequently related to heart disease. |
|
3. |
Differentiate between present illness and past medical history. |
|
4. |
Discuss the significance of the past medical history. |
|
5. |
Name the three cardinal parts of the physical examination. |
|
6. |
Locate the auscultory sites of the heart. |
|
7. |
List the four heart sounds and describe how each is produced. |
|
8. |
Define click, snap, and pericardial rub. |
|
9. |
Discuss the information gained about right atrium pressure from an
examination of the neck veins. |
|
10. |
Differentiate between a "thrill" and a "bruit." |
|
11. |
List the amplitude descriptions for arterial pulses. |
|
12. |
Classify heart murmurs with respect to loudness. |
|
13. |
Give one example of a systolic murmur. |
3. |
Common Dysfunctions of the Heart |
|
1. |
Describe the course of developing atherosclerosis with the plaque formation. |
|
2. |
Identify at least five risk factors linked to CAD. |
|
3. |
Describe the sequence of events in the pain of angina. |
|
4. |
Differentiate between stable and unstable angina. |
|
5. |
Differentiate between a subendocardial and a transmural myocardial
infarction. |
|
6. |
Name the three elements of the diagnosis for acute myocardial infarction. |
|
7. |
List the benign complications of myocardial infarction. |
|
8. |
Discuss three nursing interventions for the patient experiencing an
acute myocardial infarction. |
|
9. |
Describe the compensatory mechanisms that come to play in early cardiac
failure. |
|
10. |
Differentiate between left ventricular failure and right ventricular
failure. |
|
11. |
Name and describe the current classifications of hypertension. |
|
12. |
Identify symptoms associated with hypertension. |
|
13. |
Explain the renin-angiotensin system |
|
14. |
Differentiate among myocarditis, pericarditis, and endocarditis. |
|
15. |
Discuss the etiologies of acute and subacute endocarditis. |
|
16. |
Differentiate mitral stenosis from mitral insufficiency. |
|
17. |
Name and describe the four classes of shock. |
|
18. |
Describe the compensatory mechanisms of the body to delay onset of
shock. |
|
19. |
Describe the signs and symptoms of shock. |
|
20. |
List at least five gram-negative agents responsible for septic shock. |
|
21. |
Describe the treatment for anaphylactic shock. |
|
22. |
Identify the priorities for care of patients with at least four separate
cardiac dysfunctions. |
|
23. |
List the components of an education program for a patient with any of
the above cardiac dysfunctions. |
4. |
Hemodynamic Monitoring |
|
1. |
Discuss the data obtained from hemodynamic monitoring. |
|
2. |
Describe valve activity as pressure rises in the right heart. |
|
3. |
Differentiate between hemodynamic measurements obtained from the CVP
line and the Swan-Ganz catheter. |
|
4. |
List at least three factors that influence CVP. |
|
5. |
Describe the waveform change record as the SwanGanz catheter passes from
the right atrium to the right ventricle. |
|
6. |
Review the mechanical events that occur in the right heart that create
the pressures measurable with a PA catheter. |
|
7. |
Describe the series of events in the right heart resulting from pressure
changes and valve openings and closures. |
|
8. |
Correlate the mechanical events in the right atrium with the RA
waveforms. |
|
9. |
Review the mechanism for measurement of left ventricular pressure with a
Swan-Ganz catheter. |
|
10. |
Name at least two problems that may precipitate an alteration in PCWP. |
|
11. |
List the arteries commonly used for insertion of arterial lines. |
|
12. |
Describe the waveform for an arterial line. |
|
13. |
Define cardiac output. |
|
14. |
List the four factors that influence cardiac output. |
|
15. |
Describe the effect of afterload on cardiac output. |
|
16. |
Describe the nurse's role in caring for a patient with a CVP line and a
PA catheter. |
|
17. |
Design a patient education program for hemodynamic monitoring. |
5. |
Electrocardiograph Monitoring |
|
1. |
List the necessary equipment for a bedside monitoring system. |
|
2. |
Review the steps in an orderly analysis of a rhythm strip. |
|
3. |
Describe electrode placement for a Lead II in the monitoring system. |
|
4. |
Describe the measurement of complexes on graph paper. |
|
5. |
List the classifications of arrhythmias. |
|
6. |
Distinguish the life-threatening arrhythmias from nonlife-threatening
arrhythmias. |
|
7. |
List and describe the two life-threatening arrhythmias. |
|
8. |
Name the sudden onset-sudden offset atrial arrhythmia. |
|
9. |
Describe the "backup" system in the heart when the normal pacemaker
fails. |
|
10. |
Distinguish among first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree blocks. |
|
11. |
Describe two types of second-degree block. |
|
12. |
Name the fascicles of the bundle branches. |
|
13. |
Describe the complex appearance of a right bundle branch block. |
|
14. |
Describe the mechanism of depolarization when a right bundle branch
block exists. |
|
15. |
Define hemiblock. |
|
16. |
Review nursing measures for placing a patient on a monitoring system. |
|
17. |
Explain the need for recording frequent rhythm strips. |
6. |
Anatomy and Physiology of the Peripheral Vascular System |
|
1. |
List the subsystems of the peripheral vascular system. |
|
2. |
Name the three layers of blood vessels. |
|
3. |
Trace the circulation through one full transit, beginning in the left
ventricle. |
|
4. |
Name the five parts that make up the microcirculation system. |
|
5. |
Explain the purpose of unidirectional valves. |
|
6. |
Explain the function of the arterioles. |
|
7. |
Describe activity in the capillaries. |
|
8. |
Explain peripheral vascular resistance. |
|
9. |
Define blood pressure. |
|
10. |
Identify the three factors that affect systolic pressure. |
|
11. |
Differentiate between elastic vessels and capacitant vessels. |
|
12. |
Define pulse pressure. |
|
13. |
Discuss mean arterial pressure. |
|
14. |
Trace the response of baroreceptors to stretch and/ or pressure. |
7. |
Assessment of the Peripheral Vascular System |
|
1. |
Identify at least seven areas to be included in a comprehensive history
of the peripheral vascular system. |
|
2. |
Design questions for assessment of the chief complaint. |
|
3. |
List the three symptoms of pain at rest commonly associated with
peripheral vascular disease. |
|
4. |
Define and describe intermittent claudication. |
|
5. |
Describe the clinical picture of Leriche's syndrome. |
|
6. |
Trace the procedure of inspection for peripheral vascular disease. |
|
7. |
Explain the significance of a (+) Homans' sign. |
|
8. |
Describe the phenomenon "lobster foot." |
|
9. |
Describe three methods used to determine venous and arterial filling. |
|
10. |
List the elements of a complete lower-extremity assessment. |
|
11. |
Describe the technique for examination of the hand. |
|
12. |
List the symptoms associated with chronic vascular disease. |
|
13. |
Review the classification scale for evaluating peripheral pulses. |
|
14. |
Describe Alien's test and state its purpose. |
|
15. |
List the pulses of the upper and lower extremities. |
8. |
Common Dysfunctions of the Peripheral Vascular System |
|
1. |
List the etiologic risk factors related to arterial occlusive
dysfunction. |
|
2. |
Identify the origins of arterial emboli. |
|
3. |
Describe the pattern of occlusive extremity dysfunction. |
|
4. |
Name the five P's of reduced arterial flow. |
|
5. |
Distinguish between Raynaud's disease and Raynaud's phenomenon. |
|
6. |
Define "rainbow phenomenon." |
|
7. |
Identify at least two factors related to the etiology of Buerger's
disease. |
|
8. |
Differentiate between true and false aneurysm. |
|
9. |
Name three types of aneurysms. |
|
10. |
List symptoms of a thoracic aortic aneurysm. |
|
11. |
Describe the symptoms of a dissecting aortic aneurysm. |
|
12. |
Identify the three major etiologic factors that put a patient at risk
for venous occlusive disease. |
|
13. |
Differentiate between thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis. |
|
14. |
Describe the four signs and symptoms of an inflammatory process. |
|
15. |
Identify the priorities for care of patients with three different
peripheral vascular dysfunctions. |
|
16. |
List the components of an education program for a patient with any of
the above peripheral vascular dysfunctions. |
9. |
Venous Surgery |
|
1. |
Describe the surgical treatment for venous ligation. |
|
2. |
Discuss the purpose of the vena cava interruption procedure. |
|
3. |
Describe complications leading to the abandonment of the early vena caval ligation procedure. |
|
4. |
List three advantages of the Greenfleld filter. |
|
5. |
Give examples of the three types of portosystemic shunting available. |
|
6. |
Identify priorities in nursing care for a patient undergoing venous surgery. |
|
7. |
Prepare a nursing care plan for the patient experiencing venous surgery. |
10 |
Arterial Surgery |
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1. |
Discuss the purpose of endarterectomy. |
|
2. |
List possible compositions of arterial emboli. |
|
3. |
Give examples of materials used for femoral-popliteal bypass grafting. |
|
4. |
Review the procedure for bypass graft of the femoral-popliteal arteries. |
|
5. |
List three extra-anatomic grafts in use today. |
|
6. |
List at least two complications of graft procedures. |
|
7. |
Describe the symptoms of thoracic aneurysm. |
|
8. |
Name the structures most frequently involved in aneurysm of
the ascending aorta. |
|
9. |
Give examples of the common findings of ascending aorta
aneurysm. |
|
10. |
Explain systemic hypothermia for aorta repair. |
|
11. |
Identify at least four complications inherent in supracoronary grafting and valve replacement of the ascending aorta. |
|
12. |
Describe three potential problems that arise from repair of a descending aorta aneurysm. |
|
13. |
List three types of ventricular aneurysm. |
|
14. |
Explain the significance of paradoxical movement associated with a ventricular aneurysm. |
|
15. |
Develop a nursing care plan for a patient experiencing aneurysm repair surgery. |
|
16. |
Identity three nursing priorities in giving care to a patient with an aortic aneurysm repair. |
11 |
Cardiac Surgery |
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1. |
Discuss the two lesions most frequently related to the mitral valve surgery. |
|
2. |
List the classic symptoms of aortic stenosis. |
|
3. |
List characteristics of the "ideal" prosthetic valve. |
|
4. |
List the types of biological valves in use today. |
|
5. |
Name the preferred surgical treatment for mitral regurgitation. |
|
6. |
List the symptoms of tricuspid valve stenosis. |
|
7. |
Discuss the indications for permanent pacemaker insertion. |
|
8. |
Describe the electrode placement for pacing. |
|
9. |
Explain the letter code for pacemakers. |
|
10. |
Identify two differences between the external pacemaker and the temporary transvenous pacemaker. |
|
11. |
Explain the primary use of a ventricular assist device. |
|
12. |
Explain the use of an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator. |
|
13. |
List criteria for the use of a temporary artificial heart. |
|
14. |
Describe the technique for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. |
|
15. |
Trace the steps in achieving cardiac standstill for coronary surgery. |
|
16. |
Define sequential graft and Y graft. |
|
17. |
Describe the technique for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasly. |
|
18. |
Differentiate between the criteria for selection of patients for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting. |
|
19. |
Trace the steps in the procedure for cardiopulmonary bypass. |
|
20. |
Name the coagulation test used in the operating room to evaluate the use of heparin. |
|
21. |
State several causes of terminal (end) stage cardiac disease. |
|
22. |
State the two major problems that can occur following cardiac transplantation. |
|
23. |
State three adverse effects of the drug cyclosporin. |
|
24. |
Review the elements of the preoperative nursing assessment. |
|
25. |
Develop a nursing education teaching plan for the patient who will be experiencing cardiac surgery. |
12. |
Nursing Diagnoses Care Plans for the Patient with a Cardiovascular Problem |
13. |
Vasodilators, Diuretic Agents, Positive Inotropic Agents, and Central Acting Antihypertensive Agents |
|
1. |
Name the two uses for vasodilator agents in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. |
|
2. |
Describe the action of nitroglycerin. |
|
3. |
Differentiate the various routes of NTG administration. |
|
4. |
Name the unique feature of sodium nitroprusside. |
|
5. |
Identify the drug of choice for hypertensive crisis. |
|
6. |
List the adverse reactions to minoxidil. |
|
7. |
Name the newer additions to vasodilator therapy. |
|
8. |
Describe the action of alpha adrenoreceptor blocking agents. |
|
9. |
Discuss the effects on blood pressure of the renin-angiotensin blocking agent captopril. |
|
10. |
Explain the judicious use of diuretics in treating the congestive failure cardiovascular patient. |
|
11. |
Name the three main classes of diuretics. |
|
12. |
List five adverse effects of thiazide diuretic therapy. |
|
13. |
Describe the action of the thiazide diuretics. |
|
14. |
Differentiate loop diuretics from potassium sparing agents. |
|
15. |
Construct a patient education program for patients receiving diuretic
therapy. |
|
16. |
Describe the action of positive inotropic agents on myocardial cells. |
|
17. |
Give two examples of these agents. |
|
18. |
Discuss the activity of dopamine. |
|
19. |
Develop a patient education program for administering digitalis. |
|
20. |
Provide a question-and-answer period for patient and family. |
|
21. |
Compare the activity of dopamine and dobutamine. |
|
22. |
Discuss the two therapeutic activities of digitalis therapy. |
|
23. |
three early symptoms of digitalis toxicity. |
|
24. |
Name one example of a drug that stimulates the alpha adrenoreceptors in the central nervous system. |
|
25. |
Describe the antihypertensive activity of quanethidine. |
|
26. |
List the symptoms of sudden withdrawal of quanabenz. |
|
27. |
Devise a teaching plan for instruction of antihypertensive drug
regimens. |
|
28. |
Identity priorities when administering an agent from any of the above
drug groups. |
14. |
Antiarrhythmic Agents, Beta Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents, and Calcium Channel Blocking Agents |
|
1. |
Define automaticity, excitability, and conductivity. |
|
2. |
Recognize the phases of a cardiac cell's action potential. |
|
3. |
Describe the basis for the Vaughn-Williams antiarrhy-thmia classification for drugs. |
|
4. |
Describe the action of Class I drugs. |
|
5. |
Name the prototype of Class IA drugs. |
|
6. |
Describe the activity of Class II drugs. |
|
7. |
Give 1wo examples of Class II drugs. |
|
8. |
Contrast the action of Class I agents with Class II agents. |
|
9. |
Define and describe torsade de pointes. |
|
10. |
Define the meaning of cardioselectivity. |
|
11. |
List two beta odrenergic blocking agents that are cardioselective. |
|
12. |
Describe the danger involved with sudden withdrawal of beta blocking
agents. |
|
13. |
Name at least two cardiac problems in which beta blockers make up a part of the drug regimen. |
|
14. |
List and describe the properties of beta adrenore-ceptor antagonists. |
|
15. |
Name the phase of a cardiac cell's action potential in which calcium channel blockers have an effect. |
|
16. |
Name the five classes of calcium channel blocking agents. |
|
17. |
Give one example of a drug in each class. |
|
18. |
Name the prototype of three of the calcium channel blocking agent classes. |
|
19. |
List the items to be included in a patient education program. |
|
20. |
Review nursing priorities for the patient medicated with calcium channel blocking agents. |
|
21. |
Identify priorities when administering an agent from any of the previously mentioned drug groups. |
15. |
Miscellaneous Cardiovascular Drugs |
|
1. |
List the antilipemics in current use. |
|
2. |
Differentiate between the two groups of hypolipemic drugs. |
|
3. |
Name the drug in use to reverse the effects of hepa-rin. |
|
4. |
Review the protocol for the use of streptokinase in the treatment of acute thromboembolic disease. |
|
5. |
Name the specific antidote for streptokinase overdose. |
|
6. |
Explain the lysing properties of TPA. |
|
7. |
Describe the action of pentoxifylline in the treatment of intermittent claudication. |
|
8. |
Identify nursing priorities for a patient receiving anti-coagulant therapy. |
|
9. |
Name the emergency medication used to reverse acidosis. |
16. |
Diagnostic Procedures in Cardiovascular Disease |
|
1. |
List and explain the blood tests for a cardiac enzyme panel. |
|
2. |
Discuss the relationship of HDL and LDL to risk factors in the development of CAD. |
|
3. |
State the normal values for the electrolytes. |
|
4. |
Describe the information available from an arterial blood gas result. |
|
5. |
Identify the various elements included in a CBC. |
|
6. |
Describe an exercise electrocardiogram. |
|
7. |
Define ambulatory ECG. |
|
8. |
Describe M-mode scanning. |
|
9. |
Discuss nuclear imaging as a diagnostic tool. |
|
10. |
Contrast a Thallium-201 study with a PYP study. |
|
11. |
Explain a MUGA scan. |
|
12. |
Describe a cardiac catheterization. |
|
13. |
Define EP studies. |
|
14. |
State the purposes for EP studies. |
|
15. |
Describe a Doppler echocardiogram. |
|
16. |
Identify priorities when preparing a patient for any diagnostic test or procedure. |