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1. |
Mechanisms of the Cardiovascular System |
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Overview |
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Basic Heart Anatomy |
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The Cardiac Cycle |
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Cardiac Output |
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Conclusion |
2. |
Regulation of Cardiac and Vascular Function |
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Overview |
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Central Nervous System Regulation of the Cardiovascular System |
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Vasomotor Control |
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Baroreceptors |
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Chemoreceptors |
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Humoral Control |
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Electrolytes |
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Conclusion |
3. |
Cardiac Electrophysiology |
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Overview |
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Cardiac Cells |
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The Action Potential |
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The Action Potential in Non-Pacemaker Cells |
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The Cardiac Conduction System |
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The Electrocardiogram |
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Conclusion |
4. |
The Coronary Circulation |
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Overview |
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The Coronary Circulation |
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The Left Main Coronary Artery |
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The LAD Artery |
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The LCX or CX Artery |
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The Right Coronary Artery |
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Collateral Circulation |
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Microvascular Circulation |
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Coronary Venous Circulation |
5. |
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease |
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Overview |
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Classification of Risk Factors for CVD |
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Biomedical Risk Factors |
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Behavioural Risk Factors |
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Psychosocial Risk Factors |
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Conclusion |
6. |
Populations at Risk |
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Overview |
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Risk Factors for CVD |
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Clarifying Risk |
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Populations at Increased Risk |
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Targeting Treatment |
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Using What We Know |
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Conclusion |
7. |
Evidence-Based Practice |
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Overview |
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The Need for Change |
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Evidence-Based Practice |
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Barriers to the Evidence |
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Conclusion |
8. |
Ethics of Research in Acute Cardiac Care |
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Overview |
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Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Trials |
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Informed Consent for Trial Participation |
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What is an Ethical Dilemma? |
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Genetic Research |
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Considering an Offer for the Unit to Participate in a Clinical Trial |
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Ethical Issues in Marketing and Pricing of New Pharmaceutical Agents |
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Conclusion |
9. |
Cardiovascular Assessment |
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Overview |
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Health History |
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Physical Examination |
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Conclusion |
10. |
Electrocardiogram Interpretation |
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Overview |
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Normal Sequence of Depolarisation and Depolarisation |
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Theoretical Basis of Electrocardiography |
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Determining the Cardiac Axis |
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Determination of Heart Rate and Electrocardiographic Intervals |
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Chamber Enlargement |
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Bundle Branch Block |
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ECG Changes Related to Myocardial Ischaemia and Infarction |
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Obtaining a 12-Lead ECG |
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Conclusion |
11. |
Cardiac Monitoring |
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Overview |
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ECG Monitoring Systems and Lead Formats |
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Indications for Arrhythmia Monitoring |
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Nursing Considerations in the Care of the Patient with ECG Monitoring |
12. |
Laboratory Tests |
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Overview |
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Generic Laboratory Tests |
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Electrolytes |
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Renal Function |
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Glucose Measurement |
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Lipid Profiles |
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Complete Blood Examination |
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Clotting Screen |
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Biochemical Markers |
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Marks of Myocardial Necrosis |
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Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides |
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C-Reactive Protein |
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Conclusion |
13. |
Diagnostic Procedures |
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Overview |
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Chest X-Ray |
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Cardiac Catheterisation (Angiogram) |
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Echocardiography |
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Stress Testing |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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Computerised Tomography |
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Electrophysiology Studies |
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Conclusion |
14. |
Sudden Cardiac Death |
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Overview |
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Definitions |
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Burden of Disease and Risk Factors for SCD |
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Sudden Death in the Young (Including Athletes) |
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Structural Abnormalities |
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Cardiomyopathies and SCD |
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Genetic Syndromes and SCD |
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Conclusion |
15. |
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Automated External Defibrillator |
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Overview |
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Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest |
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Hazards to the Victim and Rescuer |
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Recognition of Cardiac Arrest and BLS |
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Automated External Defibrillation |
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Conclusion |
16. |
Ethical Issues in Resuscitation |
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Overview |
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Guiding Ethical Principles in Resuscitation |
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Futility |
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Rights of the Individual Versus the Needs of Society |
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Patient Perceptions of Resuscitation |
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Introducing the DNR Conversation |
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Witnessed Resuscitation |
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Withdrawal of Treatment |
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Organ Donation |
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Training and Research with the Newly Dead |
17. |
Pathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndromes |
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Overview |
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Acute Coronary Syndrome |
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Atherosclerosis |
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Endothelial Dysfunction |
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Plaque Disruption |
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Inflammation |
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Thrombosis |
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Conclusion |
18. |
Presentations of Acute Coronary Syndromes |
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Overview |
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Angina Pectoris |
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Stable Angina |
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The Acute Coronary Syndromes |
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Global Trends in ACS Patients |
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The 12-lead Electrocardiogram in ACS |
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Cardiac Markers in ACS |
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Clinical Assessment and Risk Stratification in ACS |
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Conclusion |
19. |
Risk Stratification in Acute Coronary Syndromes |
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Overview |
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Introduction |
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Risk Stratification |
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Risk Stratification Guidelines |
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Risk Scores |
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Chest Pain Units |
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Conclusion |
20. |
Reducing Time to Treatment |
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Overview |
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Benefits of Early Reperfusion |
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Identifying and Addressing Delays |
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Conclusion |
21. |
Reperfusion Strategies |
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Overview |
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Pathogenesis of STEMI |
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Principles of Reperfusion Strategies |
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Options for Reperfusion |
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Strategies for Reducing Treatment Time Delays |
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Detecting and Managing Failed Reperfusion |
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Preventing and Detecting Re-Occlusion |
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Conclusion |
22. |
Adjunct Pharmacological Agents in Acute Coronary Syndromes |
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Overview |
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Anti-Ischaemic Therapies |
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Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy |
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Inhibitors of the Rennin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System |
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Statins |
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Conclusion |
23. |
Arrhythmias |
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Overview |
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Basic Electrophysiology |
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Mechanisms of Errhythmia Generations |
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Cardiac Monitoring |
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Rhythm Interpretation |
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Determining the Rhythm |
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Tachyarrhythmias |
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Asystole |
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Treatment of Arrhythmias |
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Conclusion |
24. |
In-Hospital Resuscitation |
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Overview |
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Introduction |
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Prevention: Systems for Identifying Patients at Risk of Cardiac Arrest |
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Early Recognition and Management of Critically Ill Patients |
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In-hospital Resuscitation |
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Working Within your Scope of Practice |
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Audit and Data CVollection |
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Conclusion |
25. |
Acute Heart Failure |
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Overview |
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Introduction |
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Establishing the Diagnosis |
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Management Specifics |
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Refractory AHF |
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Dignity, Communication and Preventing Complications: “Back to Basics” |
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Managing Chronic Heart Failure Better to Reduce the Need for Re-Hospitalization |
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Conclusion |
26. |
Convalescence |
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Overview |
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Introduction |
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Assessment and Identification of Patient Needs |
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High-Risk Groups |
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Promoting Self-Management in the Convalescent Phase |
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Particular Concerns of Spouses and Family Members |
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Accommodating Convalescence and Discharge Planning Following an Acute Cardiac Event |
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Models of Intervention to Facilitate Convalescents and Secondary Prevention |
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Nursing Strategies to Promote Convalescents |
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Palliative Care |
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Conclusion |
27. |
Discharge Planning and Secondary Prevention |
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Overview |
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Discharge Planning |
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Secondary Prevention |
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Provision of Secondary Prevention |
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Components of Secondary Prevention |
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Cardio-Protective Drug Therapy |
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Challenges in Secondary Prevention |
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Conclusion |