v Early History 

v Conflict With the United States 

v Immigration in the Early 1900’s 

v Effects of World War II 

v Immigration In the Mid-1900’s 

Problems With Cuban Migration  

Living Conditions for Cuban Americans  

v Immigration in the Late 1900’s  

v Cultural Backgrounds of Hispanic Americans

v The Day of the Dead–Mexico Honors Those Gone But

Not Forgotten

v Hispanic Values 

v On Terminology: Hispanic or Latino?  

v ‘Hispanic’ vs ‘Latino’  

La Familia  

Respeto  

Personalismo  

Confianza  

Names  

Family Structures  

Communication and Social Interaction  

Time Orientation  

Concept of Health  

v Mexican-American  

v Puerto Rican  

v La Cocina—Southwestern Cuisine  

v Mortality and Morbidity

Smoking

Diet

Cholestero

Weight and Exercise

Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Violence and Unintentional Injuries

Environment

v Key Areas of Concern

AIDS and HIV

Cancer

Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Hypertension

Diabetes

Environmental Health

Mental Health

Tuberculosis

v Health Beliefs and Practices

Concept of Health

Potential Culture-Related Health Concerns Among Hispanic
Populations

Health Promotion, Prevention, and Treatment

Folk Beliefs of Some Hispanics About Health and Illness 
That Can Affect Care and Treatment

Major Folk Illnesses Among Hispanic Populations

Major Systems of Folk Healing Among Hispanic Populations

Sources for Further Reading

v Health Culture Sketch

6. Cultural Diversity: Eating in America

v Mexican-American

References

v Puerto Rican

References

v La Cocina—Southwestern Cuisine 88

Table 1. U.S. Hispanic Populations Vary Widely in Age, 
Earnings, Level of Schooling, and Household Size 

Table 2. Hispanic Spanish Speakers Score Highest on Healthy

Eating Index 

Table 3. Hispanic Attitudes and Knowledge About Nutrition Diverge 

v Nutrition Counseling Tips For Hispanic-American Clients 

Hypertension  

Diabetes Mellitus  

v Treatment of Folk Illnessess  

Illustrations: Plants and Herbs Commonly Used as Folk Remedies 

v Introduction  

Table 1. Herbal Users by Perceived Health Problems 

Table 2. Botanical Nomenclature for Commonly Used Herbal Remedies 

Table 3. Herb Users’ Sources of Information on Herbal Remediesa 

Table 4. Frequency of Use of the Top 10 Herbs Used by Herbal Users 

Table 5. Most Frequently Used Herbal Remedies forTop Five Perceived Health Problems 

v Demographics  

v Health Status  

v Risk Factors and Challenges  

v Adherence Factors  

v Complementary and Alternative Medicine  

v Quality & Culture Quiz 

v Quality & Culture Quiz Answers 

v Cancer Rates  

v What Are Cancer Health Disparities?  

Financial Issues  

Minorities Are More Likely Not to Have a Regular Doctor  

Minorities Face Greater Difficulty in Communicating  With Physicians

Transportation Can Limit Access  

Accurate Information is Not Universally Available

Percentage of Adults Who Have Problems Communicating With Their Doctor

Percentage of U.S. Women Who Had Screening Tests 

Available Information Does Not Reach All Populations  

Potential Biases Can Affect Cancer Health  

Not Everyone Receives the Screening Equally  

Higher Percentage of Whites Receive Medicare Services in Managed Care Plans

Older African Americans Receive Lower Rate of Surgery And Have Lower Resulting Survival Rate

v Eliminate Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)  

What is the burden of cardiovascular disease in the United States?  

Where are the disparities?  

What is the goal?  

What is the strategy?  

What can healthcare providers do to help reduce the burden of CVD?  

What can individuals do to decrease their risk of developing CVD?  

v Do Racial and Ethnic Minorities Receive a Lower Quality of

Healthcare?  

v What Are the Sources of Healthcare Disparities?  

Clinical Uncertainty

The Implicit Nature of Stereotypes

Healthcare Provider Prejudice or Bias

Medical Decisions Under Time Pressure with Limited Information

Patient Response: Mistrust and Refusal 

v What Can Healthcare Providers Do to Help Eliminate

Disparities in Care?  

Did You Know...

v Major Studies of Diabetes in Hispanic Americans 

v How Many Hispanic Americans Have Diabetes?  

Table 1. Hispanic American Populations in the United States and
Percentage With Diabetes 

v What Factors Increase the Chance of Developing Type 2 Diabetes? 

Figure 1. Prevalence of Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Diabetes in Mexican Americans, U.S., 1988-94 

Figure 2. Genetic Origins of the Major Hispanic Subgroups in the United States

Prediabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose)

Gestational Diabetes  

Hyperinsulinemia and Insuln Resistance  

Obesity  

Figure 3. Prevalence of Overweight Individuals Among Whites, 
Blacks, and Mexican Americans in the Population, 1988-91 

Physical Activity  

v How Does Diabetes Affect Hispanic Young People? 

v How Does Diabetes Affect Hispanic Women During Pregnancy? 

v How Do Diabetes Complications Affect Hispanic Americans?  

Eye Disease 

Kidney Disease

Nerve Disease 

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Heart Disease 

v How Is NIDDK Addressing the Problem of Diabetes in Hispanic
    Americans?  

v Points to Remember  

v What Health Problems Affect a Lot of Hispanic Americans/Latina
     Women? 

Obesity and Overweight  

Heart Disease  

Stroke  

Cancers  

Maternal and Infant Health  

HIV/AIDS

Gender Roles

Attitudes About Sex 

Other Sexually Transmited Diseases

Diabetes Mellitus

Tuberculosis  

Psychiatric Disorders

v Violence Against Women 

Leading Causes of Death for Women in the United States, 2000 

v Getting Health Care  

What types of care coverage exist? How do I find 
out about them?

v Adolescent Females of Color 

Sexual Intercourse  

Substance Abuse  

Unsafe Moter Vehicle Operation

v Elderly Women of Color 

Native Americans  

Hispanics  

Black Americans  

Asians and Pacific Islanders

v Maternal Health Risks of Immigrant Women From  Latin America 

v Maternal & Reproductive Health Beliefs  

v Understanding the Health Culture of Recent Immigrants to the United
    States: A Cross-Cultural Maternal Health Information Catalog 

Examples of Cultural Beliefs Held by Certain Immigrant Groups  

Examples of Epidemiological Data Affecting the Health of Childbearing Women  

Examples of Proposed Links Between Epidemiological Data and Cultural Beliefs/Practices; and Associated Health Risks to Pregnant Women and Infants

Lessons for Health Care Professionals From Knowledge of Cultural Beliefs or Immigrant Experiences  

v Screening for Abuse in Spanish-Speaking Women  

v Introduction  

v The Older Hispanic Population: Past, Present, and Future  

Residence  

Educational Level

Living Arrangements  

Poverty  

Health  

Self-Rated Health Status  

Access to Medical Care  

Diversity of Hispanic Elders  

Health and Chronic Illnesses  

Hispanic Americans and Family Caregiving  

Older Hispanic Americans and Poverty  

Education  

v Elderly Abuse in Hispanic Families 

v Ethnic Differences in Drinking Patterns  

v Ethnicity and Alcohol Problems  

Medical Consequences

Social Consequences 

v Contributors to Ethnic Differences  

Social Factors  

Biological Factors  

v Prevention  

School-Based Prevention  

Family-Based Prevention  

Alcohol Availability  

v Treatment  

v NIAAA Analysis Reveals Increased Risk for Liver Cirrhosis Death Among
    Hispanic Americans  

v Health Effects  

v Cigarette Smoking Prevalence  

Prevalence of Other Forms of Tobacco Use  

Tobacco Industry Influence  

v Latinos/Hispanic Americans  

Need For Mental Health Care  

High-Need Populations

Availability of Mental Health Services  

Access to Mental Health Services  

Use of Mental Health Services  

Learning Objectives

After completing the course you’ll be able to:


History of Hispanic American Immigration

    1.  Recount the history of Hispanic immigration in the United States.

Understanding the Hispanic Culture

    2.  Describe the core values and norms of the Hispanic culture.

What It Means to Be Latino

    3.  Describe what it means to be a Latino.
    4.  Explain what the terms Latino and Hispanic imply.

Getting to Know The Hispanic/Latino Culture

    5.  Explain the concepts of la familia, respeto, personalismo, and confianza in
         the context of Hispanic culture.

Hispanic Health Status

    6.  Describe mortality and morbidity in Hispanic population.
    7.  List top ten leading causes of death for Hispanics of all age groups.
    8.  Describe the impact of various lifestyle and health behavioral factors on 
         Hispanics’ health status. 
    9.  Describe the concept of health and preventive medicine in the context of 
         Hispanic culture.
   10.  Explain typical Hispanic health beliefs and practices.
   11.  Explain major folk illnesses among Hispanic populations, defining 
         curanderismo.

Cultural Diversity: Eating in America

    12.  Describe the eating practices, food preferences and cultural implications
          of Mexican-American and Puerto Rican diet.

Acculturation Erodes the Diet Quality of U. S. Hispanics

    13.  Discuss how acculturation erodes the diet quality of U.S. Hispanics.
    14.  Discuss Hispanic attitudes and knowledge about nutrition among various
          population groups.

Folks Medicine in Hispanics

    15.  Describe the origins and applications of Hispanic folk medicine.
    16.  Identify common Hispanic folk illnesses and their remedies.
    17.  Incorporate the knowledge of Hispanic folk medicine beliefs into the
          development of effective patient management and counseling plans.

The Influence of Ethnicity on the Use of Herbal Remedies

    18.  Distinguish between non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics in their use of
          herbal remedies.

Hispanics/Latinos: Health Disparities Overview

    19.  Describe the socioeconomic and health status of Hispanics and compare
          it with that of other population groups.
    20.  Follow recommendations to confirm patient teaching and treatment with
          the traditional health beliefs and practices.
    21.  Implement recommendations to improve communication with Hispanic
          patients.

Cancer Health Disparities

    22.  Cite statistics that show cancer health disparities among various racial
          and ethnic groups.
    23.  Discuss various sources of disparities in cancer treatment for minority
          population groups.

Unequal Treatment: What Healthcare Providers Need to Know

    24.  Discuss how bias, prejudice, and stereotyping can contribute to unequal
          treatment of patients on the basis of race and ethnicity.

Diabetes in Hispanic Americans

    25.  Discuss the epidemiology of diabetes in Hispanic Americans.
    26.  Identify the factors that increase the chance of developing type 2
          diabetes.

Minority Women’s Health Concerns27. Discuss the health
                      problems affecting minority women.

    28.  Describe the health impact of sexually transmitted diseases on minority
          women.
    29.  Discuss the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among various women
          groups.

Factors Affecting The Health of Women of Color

    30.  Discuss factors affecting the health of women of color and their access
          to services.
    31.  Discuss health risk behaviors that place adolescent females of color at
          increased risk of morbidity or death.
    32.  Describe the demographics of elderly women of color.
    33.  Discuss the access to health care available to elderly women of color and
          its impact on morbidity and mortality.

Maternal Health of Hispanic Women

    34.  Discuss the key findings of the report dealing with pregnancy-related
          mortality in Hispanic women in the United States.
    35.  Describe maternal health beliefs and practices that are common to
          Hispanic culture.
    36.  Cite examples of epidemiological data affecting the health of childbearing
          women from various immigrant groups.
    37.  Make a link between epidemiological data and cultural beliefs and health
          risks to pregnant women and infants.
    38.  Apply the knowledge of cultural beliefs and immigrant experience to
          providing effective health care.

Violence and Minority Women

    39.  Define terms such as intimate partner violence, sexual assault, dating
          violence, elder abuse.

Hispanic American Elders

     40.  Describe the special problems faced by Hispanic elders.
    41.  Describe the prevalence of elderly abuse in Hispanic families.

Alcohol and Minorities

     42.  Identify social and biological factors that contribute to ethnic differences
          in drinking.
    43.  Describe ethnic differnces in drinking patterns.

Hispanics and Tobacco

    44.  Discuss the use of tobacco in the Hispanic population.

Mental Health

    45.  Discuss the need for mental helth care in Hispanic Americans.

Comments:

"I liked the layout of the test questions & the titles in the book with explainations." - J.J., RN, CA

Back To Top

Go Back