Learning Objectives
Upon completion of the course you'll be able to:
Describe how HIV is transmitted and dispel some of the
common misconceptions about how one cannot get HIV.
Describe the presence and possibility of transmission
of HIV in households, food- service establishments, through kissing, biting,
saliva, tears, sweat and insects.
Distinguish HIV-from HIV-with respect to its
infectiousness, prevalence, testing and clinical treatment.
Describe the natural history of HIV infection in adults
and the progression of the disease to AIDS.
Discuss the CDC system for classifying HIV infection
and AIDS in adults and adolescents in the
Contrast the clinical HIV staging system used by the
World Health Organization with the one used in the U.S. and identify the
performance scale criteria that define the classical stages of the disease.
Define "viral set-point" and indicate its use
in predicting the rate of future progression of the illness.
List various laboratory tests used as indicators of
prognosis and/or stage of illness in HIV infection and weigh their advantages
and disadvantages.
List host factors, viral factors, acquired factors and
clinical indicators that influence the rate of HIV-disease progression.
Describe the measures that should be taken to control
the HIV epidemic world- wide.
Identify the three primary routes of HIV transmission
and indicate the relative risk of infection.
Discuss the three factors–infectiousness of the host,
susceptibility of the recipient and the quantity and infectivity of the
virus–that influence the transmission of HIV infection.
Identify the HIV/AIDS prevention needs of women.
Address the special challenges posed to the prevention
of HIV epidemic in the African American community.
Describe the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS among Hispanics in the
Describe the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS among
Indicate various categories of persons for whom
counseling and early diagnosis of HIV infection are recommended.
List the categories of people for whom HIV-testing is
indicated.
Describe the standard screening test for antibody to
HIV and contrast it with the rapid HIV testing.
Discuss the various advantages and disadvantages of
rapid HIV test as compared to an EIA.
Understand the importance of measuring HIV-RNA blood
levels (viral load.)
Explain what "undetectable" level of HIV in
the blood means.
List steps for the correct use of condoms.
List goals and objectives of HIV counseling, testing
and referral services.
Describe necessary elements of HIV counseling, testing
and referral services.
Develop and monitor standards and guidelines for HIV
counseling, testing and referral program.
Formulate an HIV-prevention counseling program based on
the standards and guidelines established by the CDC.
Design and set up a program for notification of HIV
test results depending upon the results being positive, negative or
indeterminate.
Describe what the counselor should do with respect to
repeat testing if the previous HIV-test was positive or negative or
indeterminate.
Provide counseling to clients who doubt previous
seropositive test results.
Discuss the partner notification program as a means to
identify and target risk-
reduction eduction to individuals at high risk for
contracting or transmitting HIV infection.
Identify and describe the two complementary
notification processes used to identify partners: patient referral and provider
referral.
Describe the five goals of HIV prevention case
management (PCM).
Differentiate PCM from other HIV risk-reduction
activities, such as street outreach and HIV counseling and testing.
Make the connection between sexually transmitted
diseases and HIV and explain how other STDs facilitate HIV transmission.
Point to the new evidence of the effectiveness of STD
treatment in HIV prevention.
Point to statistics showing the effectiveness of
condoms in preventing HIV and STDs.
Discuss the study sponsored by the CDC that quantified
the risk of HIV infection associated with oral transmission.
Describe the prevalence of HIV among men who have sex
with men and outline the measures to combat the spread of STDs and HIV in this
population group.
Describe the risk of HIV transmission among women who
have sex with women and list specific measures that should be taken to reduce
their risk of contracting HIV.
Discuss the injection drug use and the transmission of
HIV and other blood-borne infections.
Make specific recommendations to drug users who
continue to inject to reduce the public and individual health risks.
Describe the extent of the problem in curbing the
transmission of HIV and other blood-borne diseases in the intravenous
drug-using (IDU) population.
Enunciate the basic principles underlying the
comprehensive approach to working with IDUs.
Outline various strategies to prevent blood-borne
infections among IDUs that
include substance abuse treatment, community outreach,
access to sterile syringes, services in the criminal justice system, prevention
through sexual transmission and counseling and testing services.
Define universal precautions and list body fluids to
which universal precautions apply and those to which they do not apply.
Discuss precautions that a healthcare worker should
take for other body fluids in special settings.
Describe general guidelines for healthcare workers in
the use of protective barriers.
Discuss why the routine use of gloves for all
phlebotomies is not necessary.
Identify general guidelines in the selection and use of
gloves in healthcare settings.
Explain the existing recommendations for the use of
antiretroviral drugs after occupa- tional and nonoccupational exposures to HIV.
Articulate why antiretroviral drug therapy for sexual,
drug use, or other nonoccupational exposures to HIV should not be used.
Discuss the risk of infection to HBV, HCV and HIV
following occupational exposures to blood and explain the treatment measures
that should be taken following the
exposure.
Identify 1essential elements of comprehensive programs
for the prevention of HIV Infection.
Discuss guiding principles that form the basis of
comprehensive HIV prevention programs targeted toward specific population
groups, such as high-risk individuals, partners of infected individuals,
HIV-infected individuals engaging in sexual and drug- related behaviors that
put them at risk, youth, inmates in correctional facilities and healthcare
workers.
Provide comprehensive HIV prevention interventions for
substance abusers.
Identify the prevention measures for the transmission
of perinatal HIV.
Evaluate the risk healthcare workers face of getting
HIV on the job.
Evaluate the risk of patients in a dentist's or
doctor's office of getting HIV.
Review the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs
targeted toward changing personal behaviors, sexual education, intravenous drug
users, HIV-infected pregnant women, blood banks and healthcare workers.
Recount the dramatic success of protease inhibitors in
the treatment of patients infected with HIV.
Answer specific questions of people living with
HIV/AIDS, including progression to AIDS, opportunistic infections,
antiretroviral drug therapy and safe sexual behavior.
Counsel an HIV-infected person with the precautions he
or she should take with food and water to avoid illnesses.
Provide specific tips to HIV-infected individuals
regarding safe drinking water, fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry and fish to
remain healthy.
Evaluation of Individual Objectives
To assess the effectiveness of the course material, we ask that you evaluate your achievement of each learning objective on a scale of A to D (A=excellent, B=good, C=fair, D=unsatisfactory). Please indicate your responses next to each learning objective and return it to us with your completed exam.
How HIV Is Transmitted
HIV in the Environment
Effectiveness of Condoms
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2
HIV Transmission
Factors Facilitating Transmission
Untreated Natural History
Natural History in HAART Era
Global Impact
Containing the Epidemic
References
HIV/AIDS Among U.S. Women
Heterosexual Contact Now Is Greatest Risk for Women
Prevention Needs of Women
HIV/AIDS Among African Americans Prevention Efforts Must
Focus on High-Risk Behaviors
Interrelated Prevention Challenges in African American
Communities
HIV/AIDS Among Hispanics in the United States Historical
Trends in AIDS Cases Among U.S. Hispanics
Building Better Prevention Programs for Hispanics
HIV/AIDS Among America’s Youth Improving
HIV Prevention for Young People
Healthcare Workers with HIV/AIDS
Overview for HIV Antibody Testing
Rapid HIV Tests: Questions/Answers
General Questions
Questions–Technical, Counseling, and Implementation
Understanding Viral Load
Introduction
HIV Counseling and Testing-Overview
Historical Perspective
Goals of HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral Services
Objectives of HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral Services
Necessary Elements of HIV Counseling,Testing, and Referral
Services
HIV Prevention Case Management
Staff Characteristics of the Prevention Case Manager
Characteristics of the Prevention Case Management Program Plan
HIV-Prevention Counseling
Notification of HIV Results and Prevention Counseling
Counseling and Repeat Testing
Referral Process
Partner Notification for Preventing (HIV) Infection
Terms
Prevention and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases as
an HIV Prevention Strategy
The Parallel Epidemics of HIV Infection and Other STDs
Other STDs Facilitate HIV Transmission
New Evidence of the Effectiveness of STD Treatment in HIV
Prevention
Condoms and Their Use in Preventing HIV Infection and Other STDs
Primary HIV Infection Associated with Oral Transmission
Bibliography
Continuing Risk Among Young MSM
Need to Combat Other STDs
Prevention Services Must Reach Both Uninfected and Infected
Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW)
References
Injection Drug Use and the Transmission of HIV and Other
Blood-Borne
Critical Importance of Prevention and Treatment of Drug
Dependence
HIV Risks Associated With Drug Injection
Recommendations to Drug Users Who Continue to Inject
References
Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of HIV,
HBV, and Other Bloodborne Pathogens in Healthcare Settings
Introduction
Body Fluids to Which Universal Precautions Apply
Body Fluids to Which Universal Precautions Do Not Apply
Precautions for Other Body Fluids in Special Settings
Use of Protective Barriers
Glove Use for Phlebotomy
Selection of Gloves
Waste Management
References
If An Exposure Occurs
Risk of Infection After Exposure
Treatment for the Exposure
Guiding Principles
Confidentiality Must Remain
Sound Public Health Policy Must Be the Goal
A Comprehensive Approach To Preventing Blood-Borne
Infections Among IDUS: New Attitudes
& Strategies
Injection Drug Users are Important in the Transmission of HIV
and Other Blood-borne Diseases
The Legal, Social, and Policy Environment Limits Options for
IDUs
The Solution: A Comprehensive Approach to Working with IDUs
Combating Complacency in HIV Prevention
References
Attacking AIDS with a ‘Cocktail’ Therapy Drug Combo Sends Deaths Plummeting
Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected
with HIV
Caring for Someone with AIDS at Home
How HIV is Spread
How HIV is Not Spread
Children with AIDS
"The material was user friendly and allowed me the time to take the exam at ease." - A.S., MFT, CA
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