Sleeping Disorders

Learning Objectives
After completing the course, you’ll be able to:

Chapter 1. Test Your Sleep I.Q.

  1. Answer questions of your patient and dispel misconceptions about sleep.

Chapter 2. Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep

  1. Describe various phases of sleep and our body's reaction during each phase.
  2. Explain the role played by circadian rhythms in our sleep.
  3. Make the connection between sleep and many diseases.

Chapter 3. Insomnia: Assessment and Management in Primary Care

  1. Define insomnia and classify insomnia associated with various causes.
  2. Provide a differential diagnosis of primary insomnia.
  3. Frame and ask questions to assess insomnia.
  4. List 8 general sleep hygiene measures.
  5. Describe the behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions in the treatment of insomnia.
  6. Explain various therapeutic approaches in the treatment of insomnia, specifically relaxation therapy, sleep restriction therapy, stimuli control therapy and cognitive therapy.
  7. Compare the efficacy and side effects of various medications in the treatment of insomnia.
  8. Describe the effects of light, level of melatonin in the body and sleep problems.
  9. Explain the correlation between the nighttime drop in temperature and sleep.
  10. Explain how your bedroom environment can affect your sleep.

Chapter 4. Integration of Behavioral and Relaxation Approaches Into the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Insomnia

  1. State four relaxation and behavioral techniques for the management of insomnia.
  2. Identify barriers to the appropriate integration of behavioral and relaxation approaches into the treatment of pain and insomnia.
  3. Explain how the behavioral and relaxation approaches in the treatment of pain and insomnia work.

Chapter 5. Problem Sleepiness

  1. Define sleepiness, distinguish it from fatigue and describe the magnitude of problem sleepiness.
  2. Describe the magnitude and causes of problem sleepiness among shift workers, adolescents and young adults.
  3. Identify strategies that may help counter problem sleepiness in adolescents and young adults.

Chapter 6. Problem Sleepiness in Your Patient

  1. Describe the prevalence, symptoms and diagnoses of four primary sleep disorders.
  2. Describe the effects of various drugs and stimulants on sleep and sleepiness.
  3. Make an assessment of whether a patient is getting an adequate quantity of sleep and identify the patient with problem sleepiness
  4. Ask specific questions of a patient in the history-taking process to obtain a sleep/wake profile.

Chapter 7. Drowsy Driving and Automobile Crashes

  1. List the risk factors for drowsy-driving crashes, identify population groups at highest risk and suggest countermeasures to prevent drowsy driving and its consequences.
  2. Identify elements of human performance that are impaired by sleepiness.
  3. Describe some tools for the assessment of chronic and situational (acute) sleepiness.
  4. Assess the risk for drowsy-driving crashes based on factors that include sleep loss, driving patterns, the use of sedating medications, untreated sleep disorders and consumption of alcohol.
  5. Identify three broad population groups at high risk for drowsy-driving crashes.
  6. Describe four categories of countermeasures and compare their effectiveness in reducing drowsy-driving crashes.
  7. Suggest behavioral interventions that reduce drowsy-driving crashes.
  8. Make three recommendations to reduce drowsy-driving crashes focusing on young males, promoting shoulder rumble strips and educating shift workers.
  9. Educate young males and shift workers about drowsy driving and how to reduce lifestyle-related risks.

Chapter 8. Narcolepsy

  1. Define narcolepsy and list four classic symptoms of the disorder.
  2. Provide a diagnosis of narcolepsy and suggest effective courses of treatment.

Chapter 9. Restless Legs Syndrome

  1. Describe restless legs syndrome and list some common symptoms.
  2. Identify five causes of restless legs syndrome.
  3. List three categories of drugs that are most commonly used to treat RLS.

Chapter Sleep Apnea

  1. Define sleep apnea, list several common symptoms, differentiate among the three types of sleep apnea and explain basic facts about sleep apnea to a patient.
  2. Instruct clients concerning their children's obstructive sleep apnea, evaluation and possible treatment.
  3. Advise a patient about choosing a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device with the desired features and applications.
  4. Help the patient with sleep apnea choose an appropriate mask and headgear.

Chapter Sleep Apnea: Is Your Patient at Risk?

  1. Brief a patient who is considering surgery for OSA about various options, efficacies of the treatments and possible outcomes.
  2. Caution a patient with sleep apnea about the dangers of general anesthesia in any surgery.

Chapter Infantile Apnea and Home Monitoring

  1. Define terms related to infantile apnea, such as apnea of prematurity (AOP), asymptomatic premature infants, symptomatic premature infants, apparent life-threatening event (ALTE), apnea of infancy (AOI), and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
  2. Describe the relation of neonatal and infant apnea to each other and to mortality (especially SIDS) and morbidity in infancy.
  3. Evaluate the circumstances and make recommendations to parents regarding the use of home apnea monitoring of infants.

Chapter Jet Lag

  1. Describe the jet lag phenomenon, list the factors that cause jet lag, identify people who get jet lag and prescribe some of the techniques for reducing jet lag.

Chapter The Treatment of Sleep Disorders of Older People

  1. Explain the changes in sleep and wakefulness as functions of aging and of diseases of older people and name the diagnostic criteria that establish clinical abnormalities.
  2. Provide indications for the treatment of sleep disorders, specifically obstructive sleep apnea and insomnia, in older individuals.
  3. Describe the common medical practices and lay treatment practices and their health implications for patients with insomnia and hypersomnia.
  4. Outline the issues that the medical profession and general public should know about good sleep hygiene and treatment of sleep disorders.
  5. Describe behavioral, mechanical and surgical approaches to the treatment of sleep apnea.
Contents Outline

Chapter 1.Test Your Sleep I.Q.

Sleep I.Q.
Answers to the Sleep I.Q.

Chapter 2. Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep

Sleep: A Dynamic Activity
How Much Sleep Do We Need?
What Does Sleep Do For Us?
Dreaming and REM Sleep
Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
Sleep and Disease
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Sleep Apnea
Restless Legs Syndrome
Narcolepsy
Night Owls & Morning Larks
Dementia-Related Sleep Disorders
The Future
Tips for a Good Night's Sleep

Chapter 3. Insomnia: Assessment and Management in Primary Care

Introduction
Definition and Prevalence
Types of Insomnia
Acute Insomnia
Chronic Insomnia
Selected Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Consequences
Recognition and Assessment
Sleep/Wake Profile
Suggested Questions Following a Complaint of Insomnia
Signs of Sleepiness
Management
Introduction
General Sleep Hygiene Measures
Behavioral Treatment
Pharmacological Treatment
Conclusion
References
Members of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Insomnia
National Institutes of Health Staff
Support Staff
How Do I Cure Insomnia?
Trouble Sleeping? Chill Out
A Drop in Temperature May Help You Fall Asleep
Using Light Therapy to Treat Insomnia
Natural Treatments For Insomnia
Bedroom Inventory
Creating a Peaceful Place
What's Worrying You?
Melatonin
What is Melatonin?
Why Isn't Melatonin Considered a Drug?
What Does This Mean to You?
Why Do People Take Melatonin?
Understanding Insomnia
For More Information
Stanford Group Therapy Program Aims to Put Insomniacs to Sleep

Chapter 4.Integration of Behavioral and Relaxation Approaches Into the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Insomnia

Introduction
What Behavioral and Relaxation Approaches Are Used for Conditions Such as Chronic Pain and Insomnia?
Pain
Insomnia
Selection Criteria
Relaxation Techniques
Deep Methods
Brief Methods
Hypnotic Techniques
Biofeedback Techniques
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Relaxation and Behavioral Techniques for Insomnia
How Successful Are These Approaches?
Pain
Insomnia
Critique
How Do These Approaches Work?
Pain
Insomnia
Are There Barriers to the Appropriate Integration of These Approaches Into Health Care
What Are the Significant Issues for Future Research and Applications
Conclusions
Technology Assessment Panel
Bibliography

Chapter 5.Problem Sleepiness

Introduction
Daytime Sleepiness Test
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale Results
Overview of Sleepiness
Defining Sleepiness
Magnitude of Problem Sleepiness
Sleepiness Caused by Sleep Need
Sleepiness Caused by the Biological Clock
Effects of Problem Sleepiness
Reversing Sleepiness
Medications for Sleep and Sleepiness
Shift Workers
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem Sleepiness Among Shift Workers
Causes of Problem Sleepiness in Shift Workers
Consequences of Problem Sleepiness for Shift Workers
Countermeasures for Shift Worker Sleepiness
Adolescents and Young Adults
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem Sleepiness Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Causes of Problem Sleepiness in Adolescents and Young Adults
Consequences of Problem Sleepiness for Adolescents and Young Adults
Countermeasures for Problem Sleepiness in Adolescents and Young Adults
Conclusion
References
Acknowledgments

Chapter 6.Problem Sleepiness in Your Patient

Introduction
Consequences of Problem Sleepiness
Automobile Crashes
Adolescent Development and School Performance
Work-Related Accidents
Causes of Problem Sleepiness
Primary Sleep Disorders
Other Medical Conditions That Disrupt Sleep
Effects of Drugs That Disrupt Sleep
Inadequate Sleep Due to Lifestyle
Identification of the Patient With Problem Sleepiness
Table 1. Sleep/Wake Profile–Sample Questions
Management of Problem Sleepiness
Primary Sleep Disorders
Where to Get More Information
References
Acknowledgments

Chapter 7.Drowsy Driving and Automobile Crashes

Executive Summary
Biology of Human Sleep and Sleepiness
Crash Characteristics
Risks for Drowsy-Driving Crashes
Population Groups at Highest Risk
Countermeasures
Focusing an Educational Campaign: Panel Recommendations
Introduction
Methods and Knowledge Base of This Report
Research Needs
Biology of Human Sleep and Sleepiness
The Sleep-Wake Cycle
Sleepiness Impairs Performance
The Causes of Sleepiness/Drowsy Driving
Evaluating Sleepiness
Characteristics of Drowsy-Driving Crashes
Risk for Drowsy-Driving Crashes
Sleep Loss
Driving Patterns
The Use of Sedating Medications
Untreated Sleep Disorders: Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy
Consumption of Alcohol Interacts With Sleepiness to Increase Drowsiness and Impairment
Interactions Among Factors Increase Overall Risk
Population Groups at Highest Risk
Young People, Especially Young Men
Shift Workers
People With Untreated Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy
Countermeasures
Behavioral Interventions
Medical Interventions to Treat Narcolepsy and Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Alerting Devices
Shift Work Measures
Employer Management of Work Schedules
Employee Behavioral Steps
Using Bright Light Treatments
Focusing an Educational Campaign: Panel Recommendations
Educate Young Males About Drowsy Driving and How to Reduce Lifestyle-Related Risks
Promote Shoulder Rumble Strips as an Effective Countermeasure for Drowsy Driving; in this Context, Raise Public Awareness About Drowsy-Driving Risks and How to Reduce Them
Educate Shift Workers About the Risks of Drowsy Driving and How to Reduce Them
Other Organizations Can Provide Drowsy Driving Education
References

Chapter 8.Narcolepsy

What Is Narcolepsy?
When Should You Suspect Narcolepsy?
How Common Is Narcolepsy?
Who Gets Narcolepsy?
What Happens in Narcolepsy?
How Is Narcolepsy Diagnosed?
How Is Narcolepsy Treated?
What Is Being Done To Better Understand Narcolepsy?
How Can Individuals and Their Families and Friends Cope With Narcolepsy?
References
Resources
Organizations

Chapter 9.Restless Legs Syndrome

What Is Restless Legs Syndrome?
Common Characteristics of Restless Legs Syndrome
What Causes It?
Who Gets RLS?
How Is It Diagnosed?
How Is It Treated?
Where Can I Get More Information?

Chapter 10.Sleep Apnea

Sleep Apnea Defined
Sleep Apnea Fact Sheet
Symptoms of Sleep Apnea
Risk Factors for Sleep Apnea
Treatments for Sleep Apnea
Personal Experiences
Sleep Apnea and Driving
Having Your Child Evaluated for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Choosing a CPAP
Choosing a Mask and Headgear
Considering Surgery for OSA?
Sleep Apnea and Same-Day Surgery
Considering Surgery for Snoring?

Chapter 11. Sleep Apnea: Is Your Patient at Risk?

Definition and Prevalence
Consequences and Comorbidity
Identification of Patients at Risk for Sleep Apnea
Table 1. Patients at Risk for Sleep Apnea Diagnosis Treatment Options
Table 2. Treatment of Sleep Apnea Behavioral Approaches
Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Oral/Dental Appliances
Surgical Procedures Pharmacological Treatment
Oxygen
Management Considerations
Where to Get More Information
References

Chapter 12.Infantile Apnea and Home Monitoring

Introduction
Definitions
What Is Known About the Relation of Neonatal and Infant Apnea to Each Other and to Mortality (Especially SIDS) and Morbidity in Infancy?
What Are the Efficacy and Safety of Currently Available Home Devices for Detecting Infant Apnea?
Essential Features
Desirable Features
Other Considerations
What Evidence Exists Regarding the Effectiveness of Home Monitoring in Reducing Infant Mortality (Especially SIDS) and Morbidity?
Effectiveness of Home Monitoring
Home Monitoring for ALTE
Home Monitoring for Subsequent Siblings of SIDS Victims
Home Monitoring for Premature Infants
Home Monitoring for Other Pathologic Conditions
SIDS Mortality Trends and Home Monitoring
Home Monitoring and Morbidity
Problems in Dealing With Studies of Effectiveness
Based on the Above, What Recommendations Can Be Made at Present Regarding the Circumstances for Use of Home Apnea Monitoring in Infancy?
What Further Research Is Needed on Home Apnea Monitoring for Infants?
Apnea
Monitoring: Technical
Monitoring: Psychosocial
Apnea Program: Health Services
Sudden Death, Including SIDS
Conclusion
Consensus Development Panel
Speakers
Conference Sponsors

Chapter 13.Jet Lag

What Is Jet Lag?
What Causes Jet Lag?
Who Gets Jet Lag?
Techniques for Reducing Jet Lag
Escaping Jet Lag
Set Your Body Clock

Chapter 14.The Treatment of Sleep Disorders of Older People

Abstract
Introduction
What Are the Changes in Sleep and Wakefulness as Functions of Aging and of Diseases of Older People?
What Are the Diagnostic Criteria That Establish Clinical Abnormalities?
Which Are Clinically and Epidemiologically Important?
What Are the Indications for a Diagnostic Evaluation?
What Sequence of Assessment Methods Should Be Used To Determine if the Diagnostic Criteria Are Met?
What Are the Indications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders?
Indications for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Indications for Treatment of Insomnia Complaints
What Are the Common Medical Practices and Lay Treatment Practices and Their Health Implications?
Insomnia
Hypersomnia
What Should the Medical Profession and General Public Know About Good Sleep Hygiene and Treatment of Sleep Disorders, and What Should Be Done To Increase Awareness?
What Are the Directions for Future Research?
Conclusions and Recommendations
Consensus Development Panel
Speakers
Self-Study Examination
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